Yearly Archives: 2024

　　Protein is a substance with a certain spatial structure, which is formed by the zigzag folding of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids in the form of dehydration and condensation. Protein must contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.In the long run, Antibody Discovery The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids combined in a certain order to form a polypeptide chain, and then one or more polypeptide chains are combined in a specific way. Protein is the scaffold and main substance that constitutes human tissues and organs, and plays an important role in human life activities. It can be said that there would be no life activities without protein.

　　Number of atoms

　　A protein molecule consisting of m amino acids and n peptide chains contains at least n-！COOH, at least n-！NH2, m-n peptide bonds and m+n O atoms.

　　molecular mass

　　Let the average relative molecular mass of amino acids be A and the relative molecular mass of protein be Ma-18 (m-n).

　　Gene control

　　Nucleotide 6 in the gene

　　Nucleotide 3 in messenger RNA

　　Amino acid 1 in protein

　　The first is “poverty”Since then, more and more people have found that pu-erh tea The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people.

　　Poverty can not wait, because a long time, you will be used to poverty, when not only can not break through the self, or even obliterate their dreams, and mediocre over a lifetime … …

　　The second is “dream”

　　Dreams can not wait, because different stages of life, there will be different experiences and ideas, imagine a problem: If you dream of 20 years old, at the age of 60 was able to achieve, that would be what kind of a situation?

　　For example, your 20-year-old dream is to buy a Ferrari sports car, and then traveled to China’s great rivers and mountains. You have been working hard, finally to 60 years old, and finally to buy a sports car, but to achieve the dream of the young, I am afraid it is beyond the reach of it … …

　　The third is “family”

　　Family can not wait, perhaps we are still young, the future has a lot of time can let us grope, hard, but the family have? They still have time for us to succeed? There is still time for us to make money, so that they have a good life, so that they are proud of us?

　　Trees for static and wind, the child wants to support and pro-not wait. This is a lot of people’s pain, but also a lot of people a lifetime of regret!

　　Nucleic acid is a long-chain polynucleotide compound with no side chain formed by connecting nucleotides through 3′,5′- phosphodiester bond.precisely because inhibitors The rapid development of, so also brought new opportunities to the industry. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

　　Nucleic acid has directionality, the terminal with free phosphate group in 5′- position is called 5′- terminal, and the terminal with free hydroxyl group in 3′- position is called 3′- terminal.

　　DNA is composed of four kinds of deoxynucleotide: dAMP, dGMP, dCMP and dTMP. Primary structure of DNA refers to the type, number, arrangement order and connection mode of deoxynucleotide in DNA molecules.

　　RNA consists of four ribonucleotides: AMP, GMP, CMP and UMP. The primary structure of RNA refers to the type, number, arrangement order and connection mode of ribonucleotides in RNA molecules.

　　Most protein is like a jumble of atoms packed together. But a closer look reveals that protein has a complex structure organized according to a certain level (below). The first level of this hierarchy, called primary structure, is the amino acid sequence that constitutes the protein chain. Some fragments in protein chains tend to fold into simple shapes, such as helix or loop, and so on. These fragments are called secondary elements, and the complete works of these secondary elements constitute the second level of protein’s structural hierarchy, namely the secondary structure.In the industry, Antibody Phage Display Service Has been a leader in the industry, but later came from behind but never arrogant, low-key to adhere to quality. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　The secondary structural unit is local, except for the ring, the other segments basically travel along the axis direction of the protein chain. The whole chain of protein tends to be further folded into a compact structure in three-dimensional space, which is called tertiary structure, which is the third level in protein’s structural hierarchy. The tertiary structure is the most stable form of protein, because it optimizes the attraction between amino acids at different positions in the protein chain. Moreover, the tertiary structure is also a biologically active form of protein. If this form is destroyed, protein will lose some or all of its functions. Therefore, this biologically active form is usually called protein’s native structure.

　　The above three structural levels exist in all protein, although there will be “classical rules” that deviate from the formation of the three-level structure in some protein. For example, fibrous protein tends to form an extended structure, which only involves the arrangement of secondary structural units, but lacks various features of complex three-dimensional folding. Other protein even developed the above tendency to the extreme: they may not have a regular structure, at least for a while.

　　Bed is probably the most consumption life time place! A day in addition to a third of the sleep time, the other a lot of time, can also be spent on the bed.For the immediate pressure, pu-erh tea With its own coping style, it can break the predicament and usher in a new life through the quality of the product itself.

　　Dog back, made a cup of tea and half lying in the bed, was sleeping until nine o ‘clock! Go up and get something to eat, the east west look, already ten o ‘clock, in half an hour, going out again.

　　Back on the playground, the ongoing autumn sports meeting of rehearsal. Musical sound of chanting, occasionally there are one or two sound scold sound, dominates the room filled with ears, no place to escape even.

　　Person, want to quiet for a while now, it’s too difficult. Have a computer, television, mobile phone at home. These things no matter use, is usually open. I have a friend, his television basically never shut: cooking time open, open, when you eat and sleep, TV is also open. Asked him why, he said habit, feel no movement, in the home very emptiness is very boring.

　　Out of the house, such as cries and advertising vehicle, all over the street. Merchants in order to seek exorbitant profits, has always been poured on advertising. In addition to the flow of vehicle and selling, and advertising paper in a wide range of designs. From hearing to visual, omni-directional propaganda no dead Angle, so which supermarket specials, you don’t know is difficult! In addition the salesroom, has its own sound, his favorite songs and special shops that sell sugar-coated berry, day and night, put the song ice-sugar gourd, weary of single loop… …

　　So, now the people want to quiet, to have deep spiritual practice. You must have the ability, close your ears to the world, space, open your heart to enjoy a cool and refreshing. Just such an opportunity, but also not much. Such and such things, always copy your heart very full is a mess. Many want to have a heart quiet ethereal! Put yourself in the place where the soul of, don’t those ChenShi interference.

　　All the fruit in the home, all have no, but how to don’t want to go out to buy. Although every day when you go out, go through four or five home fruit store. Not forget to take money, is to bring the money and forget to buy it. Home is always open the door of that a moment, before crashing. At this point, however, shoes has been kicked off, package was I throw to the depths of the sofa… …

　　And so next time, may is so every time.

　　Used to open the computer, the trouble to listen to the shaoxing opera. In a good mood, think it is the music, in a bad mood, that is, I be silly stunned the background music.

　　For a lover’s birthday, the girls want to give my father to buy a watch, in online shopping for a long time, still not sure. Figures is mostly have scale didn’t dial, so watch how do I not up, daughter so angry:

　　”Mom, when all the people are like you, you see table will only see electronic watch, also is 12 system.”

　　”Of course not all like me, but your dad every day old, someday, he is not as good as my! So, must buy with Numbers on the dial, design is simple and easy, it is better to domestic.”

　　”Domestic mechanical or quartz? What brand do you want?”

　　”To quartz, need not everyday winding, brand to the seagull.”

　　”Gull? Never heard of.”

　　”The Internet, as a Chinese, incredibly don’t know the seagull watch?”

　　A daughter called me again:

　　”Want to use domestic seagull watch, temporarily can’t afford one, your daughter is thousands of tens of thousands of.”

　　Then, my daughter on QQ, send me a link, I open on see, isn’t it? Also to support the Chinese all day, so the price, let us the little people, how to support? A newlywed, bought a watch the seagulls, less than 200 dollars.

　　Love came back from work, said to him. See I wasn’t impressed, he looked at me and said:

　　”You are less than 200 pieces, I was monthly salary less than 120 yuan! For more than a month of wages, or to the present, not thousands of useful!”

　　”Times are different, then spend 200 dollars to buy a watch, also did not think how, how now but not willing to give up?”

　　”Don’t think that way, that was didn’t spend your money.”

　　”You don’t say you bought me a watch, to now you still love dearly!”

　　Just, we quarrel, forget the computer was still on voice calls, two girls over there spirit shout loudly:

　　”How noisy again? Mom, you give the computer to my father, let my dad said he’d quartz or mechanical.” , I put my computer to lover.

　　”I want to mechanical, don’t be too high price, didn’t I give you remit money.”

　　”Dial? Digital or graduated? Color should be black and white or grey days?”

　　”Digital calibration, color should be black and white.”

　　”Oh, is it not a watch? Things are!” I can’t help by chimed in.

　　”Dad, are you sure?”

　　”Sure, your mother rush to surf the Internet!”

　　”Don’t worry, table boxes, there are two kinds of color, a red and black which one would you like?”

　　”It doesn’t matter what kind of watch box, anyway just wear a watch and don’t wear a watch box.” And I say a word of mouth.

　　”Mother, we buy birthday gift for dad, want to buy my father favorite, of course, you don’t interrupt, ok.”

　　”What color do you like table box, what colour will! Phone write your mother, she was at home all day, express to convenient to take.”

　　Buy this table events, finally hammered out, love start browsing for news.

　　”Take headphones to you, I want to quiet for a while.”

　　”Want to quiet, what did you do for dinner?” Yeah, just and daughter discuss watch things, how to forget to do dinner?

　　You see, this want to quiet for a moment, really difficult! You can close the earth is the ear, you don’t shut the appetite of the world! Darling still cooking go to! Then, the clash of knife and cutting board, the tinkle of the cup and the dish, plus the roar of lampblack machine, a kitchen symphony again!

　　”Shut the kitchen door, noisy dead.” Lover to roar, I closed the door of the kitchen. Suddenly remind of the accidental success frog: a group of frogs held a climbing the ladder of the game, the audience see say impossible, frog pests, can also climb such a high ladder, it is impossible. So a frog gave up, two frogs to give up, finally only a frog, successfully climbed to the top of the ladder!

　　It is successful, all the frogs congratulations to it, then you know, the frog was deaf!

　　Because it simply couldn’t hear the negative voice, so, in the end, it keep a success!

　　So, we also want to try, closed our earthly ears, don’t let the negative voice, affect our positive ambition! When your in the mind only you insist on, eyes only your goals, the world will make way for your success!

　　The supercoiled structure formed by the further spiral of DNA molecules is called the tertiary structure of DNA.from small molecules Looking at the development prospects, the future will always bring positive effects. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

　　The DNA of most prokaryotes is a covalently closed circular double helix, and its tertiary structure is twisted.

　　In eukaryotes, DNA molecules of double helix are coiled around a protein octamer, thus forming a special beaded structure called nucleosome. Nucleosome structure belongs to the tertiary structure of DNA.

　　Amino acid chain is the main and core component in protein, but it is not necessarily the only component. Some protein may include some atoms or small molecules, whose function may be to perform protein function and/or increase its stability. Chemically, these cofactor are diverse, which may be organic molecules or metal elements. Some of them are briefly combined with protein chain, while others are closely combined with protein chain (sometimes even by covalent bonds) and become an integral part of the whole protein. The former is called coenzyme coenzyme, while the latter is called prosthetic group. Most coenzymes are small organic molecules from vitamins. For example, the common coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These two molecules from vitamin B complex, the former from nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) and the latter from riboflavin (vitamin B2), play the role of high-energy electron acceptor/donor in redox reaction.So, recombinant proteins On the contrary, there is still a lot of room to play. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　Some enzymes use several different cofactors, such as Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which is a key enzyme in the catabolism of sugar. The catabolism of sugar begins with glycolysis, which is a biochemical reaction pathway with 10 steps, transforming one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, and then carrying out the citric acid cycle of tricarboxylic acid, which further decomposes pyruvate and oxidizes it into CO2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH works at the intermediate junction of the above two reaction pathways (namely glycolysis and triacid cycle), and is responsible for activating pyruvate and enabling it to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Specifically, PDH catalyzes the oxidative dearboxylation of pyruvate and forms acetyl coenzyme A (ACoA), which is the activated form of pyruvate. PDH is not a single enzyme but a complex composed of three components, each of which participates in a different step of pyruvate activation and uses different coenzymes. The first component uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). TPP allows the first component of PDH to be oxidized and decarboxylated at the same time, thus transforming pyruvate into acetyl, and the remaining carbon is discharged as CO2. The importance of TPP will be reflected in its absence. In fact, if people can’t get enough thiamine from food, they will get beriberi, which will damage several major systems of the human body.

　　The second component in PDH uses lipoic acid. It is an auxiliary group covalently bound to PDH. The active part of lipoic acid is a cyclic structure, which contains two covalently bonded sulfur atoms (that is, S-S bonds) (Figure 2.2c). This active part catalyzes the transfer of acetyl to coenzyme coenzyme A(CoA), the third cofactor of PDH. CoA is pantothenic acid, also known as the derivative of calcium pantothenate. The combination of acetyl and pantothenic acid involves the reduction of S-S bond, and its cyclic structure will open and form two sulfhydryl groups (one SH), one of which will bind acetyl. Sulfhydryl group is easy to react chemically, which can be reflected in the fact that sulfhydryl group is easily influenced by arsenic, a toxic derivative of arsenic. To sum up, the formation of acetyl coenzyme A involves the reduction of S-S bond of pantothenic acid cyclic structure. In order to keep PDH active, these two sulfur groups must be re-oxidized to restore the S-S bond.

　　Summer dusk, I sit with an old Chinese medicine in the breeze slowly chatting the river. Suddenly, the old man stared at my face for a moment and did not say anything. I was his heart to see some hair, asked: “The elderly, you are so concerned about my face, is not something to see ah?Sufficient data show that pu-erh tea It can drive many people to find jobs, thus driving economic development.

　　Old man smiled and said: “I am from primary school medicine, the teacher told me again and again, ‘people peace of mind level, see the eyes; life span, look at the face’ medical life, develop habits, and Oh, and people Together, they always want to look at his face more glances.

　　I said: “The elderly, all know that the eyes are the soul of the window, the first sentence I can understand, you can say ‘life span, look at the face’, I am a little puzzled.Human life, how to write in the face What about it? “

　　If a person is always sad intestine knot, mood melancholy, over-thinking, suspicious of the old man said: \ look at the face, in fact, I look at his face two, one eyebrow, Indecisive, can not see the hope of life and the good life, then, between the eyebrow must form a deep ‘eight’ pattern.’8 ‘pattern, is caused by squeezing distortion, Yin is too strong, the mood Difficult to cool, it will stagnate in the organs; Jiuyin poisonous, viscera unbearable corrosion, must be made for the disease; sick in the body, is bound to further deteriorate the mood.People once caught in the heart and the destruction of each other malignant disease Circle among the health does not exist, where there will be longevity of the reason? Eyebrow between the ‘eight’ pattern, in fact, cut the knife of life, so my teacher had more than once said to me, ‘brow wrinkled, You must be careful yo. “

　　The elderly, then let my heart anxious, usually not pay attention to the eyebrow between the ‘eight’ pattern, even with such a large knowledge. I could not help but curiosity driven, and then asked: “That mouth can see what?

　　A person if the hearty and fun, often laughing more than, the teeth often in the sun, then, in order to make the mouth a little bit, The ‘brackets’ is radian, as if the relative out of the two and a half months, set in the cheek on top of the vivid expression of light from the formation of the reasons we can see, brackets who are really comfortable Because the ‘brackets’ on both sides of the mouth, but also a symbol of the balance of yin and yang, therefore, it is encompassed by the health of the body, the spirit of the sparse, the vitality of life, leisurely and carefree, The music of the state of mind and the endless hope of life in such a life and mental state of the people, you say he can not live longer?

　　Really listen to Jun words, read the book a decade, my heart is not good fun ah. It turned out that our face, really reveal the mentality of our strengths and weaknesses, the vicissitudes of life and life status and other important information ah. Therefore, we usually still often look in the mirror to see if his face is increasing or deepening: the eyebrow between the “eight” pattern, or the mouth “brackets” it!

　　Focus on glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of sugar, pentose phosphate bypass, gluconeogenesis, synthesis of ketone bodies, cholesterol and phospholipids, respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation, special amino acid metabolites, one carbon unit metabolism, purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis raw materials and catabolites, and substance metabolism.among small molecules It has given great spiritual support to entrepreneurs, and more entrepreneurs will contribute to this industry in the future. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

　　The chapter on sugar metabolism is the focus of the exam, so we should master it comprehensively. The chemical reaction formula of sugar metabolism is complicated, and the focus of the annual examination is basically on the reaction site, key enzymes and regulation, energy production and the relationship between important substances. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and aerobic oxidation of sugar are all contents that must be familiar with. The synthesis of ketone bodies and cholesterol in lipid metabolism, pay attention to the difference between them. Ketones are synthesized in the liver and utilized outside the liver, while fats are synthesized in the liver and stored outside the liver. Fat synthesis, ketone body synthesis and cholesterol synthesis are the raw materials of acetyl-CoA synthesis. Synthesis and decomposition of fatty acid, the main material of fatty acid synthesis is acetyl CoA; Under the condition of sufficient oxygen supply, fatty acid is decomposed into CO2 and water in the body, releasing a lot of energy, which is the main form of fatty acid catabolism in the body. Phospholipid synthesis. Differentiation of several blood lipids.

　　Composition of respiratory chain and influencing factors of oxidative phosphorylation. Urea synthesis-ornithine cycle. One carbon unit’s metabolism is often tested, but it is easy to remember as long as you grasp the core content. It comes from one carbon unit-Sisegan, and is transported by one carbon unit-tetrahydrofolate. One carbon unit plays an important role in nucleic acid biosynthesis as a raw material for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, connecting amino acids and nucleotides. Comparison of nucleotide synthesis and decomposition between purine and pyrimidine. The changes in this year’s syllabus are: the deamination of amino acids (oxidative deamination, transamination and combined deamination) is changed to the general metabolism of amino acids (degradation of protein in vivo, oxidative deamination, transamination and combined deamination), which should be reviewed.

　　Protein is a complex organic polymer compound composed of α -amino acids combined in a certain order to form a polypeptide chain, and then one or more polypeptide chains are combined in a specific way. Amino acids are the basic units of protein, and they are linked into peptide chains through dehydration and condensation. Each polypeptide chain has twenty to hundreds of amino acid residues (-R); Various amino acid residues are arranged in a certain order.For the immediate pressure, recombinant proteins With its own coping style, it can break the predicament and usher in a new life through the quality of the product itself. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　the composition characteristics of protein

　　The amino acid sequence of protein is encoded by the corresponding gene. In addition to the 20 basic amino acids encoded by the genetic code, in protein, some amino acid residues can be modified after translation to change their chemical structure, thus activating or regulating protein. Multiple protein can form a stable protein complex together, often by combining together, and fold or spiral to form a certain spatial structure, thus playing a specific function. The organelles of synthetic peptides are ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm. The difference of protein lies in the variety, number, arrangement order of amino acids and the spatial structure of peptide chains.

　　Protein is composed of C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen) and N (nitrogen), and generally protein may also contain P (phosphorus), S (sulfur), Fe (iron), Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), B (boron), Mn (manganese) and I (iodine).

　　The composition percentage of these elements in protein is about: 50% carbon, 7% hydrogen, 23% oxygen, 16% nitrogen, 0-3% sulfur and other trace amounts.

　　All protein contains N element, and the nitrogen content of various protein is very close, with an average of 16%;

　　Every 1g of N in any biological sample means that there is about 100/16=6.25g protein, and 6.25 is often called protein constant.