Yearly Archives: 2024

　　In today’s era of globalization, travel has become an indispensable part of people’s lives. Whether going abroad to visit relatives, having business talks, or traveling for a holiday, many people will choose to use international payment methods to facilitate transactions. Among them, icash card, as a new payment method, is favored by travelers because of its convenience and efficiency.contemporaneity icashµ„ø® Our competitors have not made large-scale improvements, so we should get ahead of everyone in the project. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Icash point card is a kind of prepaid card, users can recharge a certain amount in the card and then spend it in the merchants who support the card. This advantage enables travelers to avoid complicated currency exchange and ensure the safety of the consumption process when they use it abroad. In this way, not only the convenience of payment is improved, but also the risks brought by carrying a lot of cash are avoided.

　　In the actual use process, the application and recharge of icash cards are relatively simple. Travelers only need to apply for cards in designated channels in China and recharge them. After recharging, the amount in the cards will take effect immediately, which provides great convenience for subsequent consumption. In addition, icash cards also support multiple currencies, which means that users do not have to worry about the conversion between currencies when spending in different countries and regions. When using icash cards, Travelers can experience many advantages. First of all, this payment method greatly reduces the psychological burden when spending abroad. Because of pre-charging, users can control their own consumption within a certain range and avoid the financial burden caused by irrational consumption behavior. Secondly, icash cards usually have corresponding consumption records, which is convenient for users to inquire and manage their expenses at any time, so as to understand their financial situation more clearly.

　　When choosing to use icash card, travelers need to pay attention to several matters. First, make sure to know the applicability and scope of use of the card in the destination country in detail before going out. The acceptance of merchants in different regions may be different, so knowing in advance can avoid unnecessary troubles. Secondly, knowing the handling fee and exchange rate information of the card may lead to higher handling fees in some cases, although it is convenient to use the card. Users should weigh the pros and cons when choosing. In addition, security is also an aspect that travelers can’t ignore. Although icash cards have good security performance, it is still an effective way to protect personal financial security by taking some necessary protective measures, keeping the privacy of cards, checking consumption records regularly, finding abnormal transactions in time and replacing cards when necessary.

　　In order to enable travelers to use icash card more smoothly, many related platforms have also launched a wealth of online and offline services. Users can check the card balance and consumption records at any time through the mobile phone application, and the recharge is faster than the traditional way. Some travel agencies and airlines will also cooperate with this card to launch exclusive offers to add additional benefits to users’ travel.

　　With the acceleration of internationalization, more and more travelers begin to pay attention to the convenience and security of payment methods. In such a big environment, point card payment is undoubtedly a very recommended choice. Whether traveling short distances or long distances, carrying an icash point card can not only save time, but also enhance the travel experience. By using this payment tool reasonably, travelers can ensure their financial security and transparent consumption while enjoying their travels.

　　The new energy industry in a broad sense is profoundly changing the industrial structure of China and reconstructing the logic of industry growth. On January 12th, the State Council held a press conference on the import and export situation in 2023. China’s electric vehicles, lithium batteries and solar cell products became the “new three products” with a large increase in export volume, which not only reflected the effect of industrial upgrading, but also continued to promote domestic industrial integration and enterprise upgrading behind the scenes.Today, people are interested in whatman separator:10 There are also many dependencies, and the expectations for products are getting higher and higher. https://www.canrud.com/products?keyword=separator

　　The development of things often has two sides. In the “new three kinds” lithium battery industry, China has an absolute advantage, but it has been blocked more and more in the process of going to sea. Competition is intensifying and overseas restrictions are increasing. To what extent can the export of lithium batteries relieve the pressure of overcapacity for enterprises? For the enterprise itself, what other methods can be the core of breaking the game?

　　In 2024, the lithium battery industry was busy looking for answers.

　　01

　　”The Wave of Lithium Battery Export”

　　In 2023, the annual press conference on import and export released the key export data. The total export of electric vehicles, lithium batteries and solar cells in China was 1.06 trillion yuan, which was the first to exceed one trillion yuan, up by 29.9% year-on-year, making it a “new three” export.

　　Among them, lithium batteries have attracted a lot of attention because of the relatively new industrial structure, China’s leading technology and industrial strength, and strong export power.

　　According to the share and leading degree of China enterprises in the lithium battery market, the data released by SNE research, a well-known research institution in the industry, shows that in the first three quarters of 2023, the amount of batteries carried by various electric vehicles (EV, PHEV and HEV) in the world was about 485.9GWh, a year-on-year increase of 44.4%. Among them, China enterprises not only have an amazing market share, but also shake the market structure in terms of growth capacity.

　　In the first 11 months of 2023, six of the top ten companies in the power battery market share were China enterprises, with a market share of 62.9%; Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ranks first with a market share of 37.4%, and it is the only supplier in the industry with a market share of more than 30%. The year-on-year growth rate of installed capacity is also at a high level of 52%. BYD ranked second, and the installed capacity of batteries in the first three quarters increased by 71.4% year-on-year.

　　* from CnEVPost

　　The leading position of Chinese enterprises in the new energy vehicle market is also clearly evidenced. In the early days, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited has been an important battery supplier of Tesla, and last year, it announced the cooperation with Ford to build a factory in the United States. In May last year, Tesla’s super factory in Berlin, Germany produced the first batch of BYD battery version Model Y. BYD blade battery was not only recognized by rivals, but also engraved its own name in the European market, which was self-evident.

　　With the strength behind this recognition, China Power Battery set a new record in the sea. According to the statistics of China Chemical and Physical Power Industry Association, in the first 11 months of 2023, the export of lithium batteries in China reached US$ 59.7 billion, or about RMB 424 billion, up 32.7% year-on-year. Among them, Europe accounts for about 40%, which is the largest export market, followed by the United States and Southeast Asia.

　　The advantages of China battery enterprises come from many aspects. The core reason is that China’s research and development of power batteries is in a leading position in the world, with rapid technological progress and good boarding effect, which is widely welcomed by car enterprises. For example, foreign media have tested Tesla’s charging data after carrying a blade battery. The results show that its high-power charging time lasts longer and its charging power is higher. BYD’s CTB battery structure can also work together with Tesla’s integrated die casting technology to reduce energy consumption.

　　On the other hand, the domestic battery industry developed earlier, there were a large number of market participants, and the tide of early financing expansion was fierce. Although it led to the problem of overcapacity, it drove the price of the whole industry down, making low costs more conducive to exports, and even forming a pattern of “leading technology and second-line capacity”. As early as 2022, players of different sizes in Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Honeycomb Energy and other industries began to expand production by leaps and bounds, far exceeding the level that the market can digest in the short term.

　　* From Essence Securities.

　　The reduction of industrial chain cost has further added a fire to the madness of these players: A-share lithium battery materials companies generally experienced a decline in net profit in the semi-annual report in 2023. For example, Defang Nano, a leading cathode material company in Ferrous lithium phosphate, lost nearly 1 billion yuan in the first three quarters. We should know that the losses of upstream enterprises actually mean the cost reduction of battery enterprises.

　　Then, can the above dividends always escort the overseas expansion of Chinese enterprises? I am afraid the answer is no. In 2022, the year-on-year growth rate of China’s lithium battery exports was as high as 86.7%. According to the existing data, the growth rate in 2023 may not reach half of this data. The growth of market demand may not keep up with the growth of domestic capacity output.

　　What is even more worrying is the attitude of the main market. “Big customer” Europe attaches great importance to the new energy industry and is using a series of carbon policies to protect local enterprises. The United States, which has great growth potential, has chosen to be conservative and exclusive, which has directly cut off the way for many Chinese enterprises to enter. Even the cooperation between Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited and Ford was only achieved after the production capacity was greatly reduced.

　　If you want to go to sea, the sea is uneven. The involution of power battery is already worrying. How to deal with these new concerns?

　　02

　　”the mountain of lithium battery export”

　　Just as the advantages of the power battery industry are clear, the emergence of the sea problem also has clear internal logic. Among them, the domestic involution is only the impact on profits, and the overseas geographical pattern is the big problem that may make going to sea “this road is blocked.”

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　　In the monthly report of lithium battery in September, we mainly pay attention to the EU’s “New Battery Law” which has just come into effect for 40 days-In the industry, 夹具 Has been a leader in the industry, but later came from behind but never arrogant, low-key to adhere to quality. https://www.canrud.com/products/detail/98ebf7f87db548ada4c1bfade0ad432c

　　¢ Urgent conspiracy: Can the EU Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries (hereinafter referred to as the “New Battery Law”) take China lithium battery to Europe?

　　¢ Window of Time: Why is the construction of life cycle management of China Power Lithium Battery at a critical moment?

　　¢ Behind the acceleration: China’s lithium battery industry’s external continuous layout and internal compliance acceleration.

　　Europe, the imminent open plan

　　The embarrassment of Europe is that huge emerging markets cannot be digested by local supply chain enterprises.

　　As the largest new energy vehicle consumption market except China, by 2022, the number of new energy vehicles in Europe will reach 7.62 million. In the first half of this year alone, the cumulative registration of new energy vehicles in EU countries increased by 28.4% year-on-year.

　　Subsidy policies for car purchase in some European countries;

　　¢ Spain: 15% personal income tax can be reduced if you buy electric cars or install charging facilities. The tax reduction reward will be maintained until the end of 2024, and the reward for installing charging facilities will be until the end of 2025.

　　¢ Austria: All electric vehicles are registered tax-free.

　　¢ France: All regions provide exemptions (all or 50%) for alternative power vehicles (electric, HEV, CNG, LPG and E85).

　　¢ Finland: The vehicle registration tax for pure trams is 0 Euro.

　　Under the continuous “tens of billions of subsidies”, the sales of electric vehicles in Europe may reach 3.2 million in 2023, which is a huge and continuously growing market.

　　However, the supply chain of European local new energy vehicles is in an awkward situation: emerging markets cannot be digested by local supply chains, and foreign aid must be sought from a more perfect East Asian industrial chain.

　　The first thing to bear the brunt is the power lithium battery.

　　sourceunsplash

　　The market share of new energy vehicles made in China in Europe has reached 12%. What goes out to sea with China’s new energy vehicles is naturally China Lithium Battery.

　　However, European local car brands also use batteries from Asia.

　　In August this year, the top three new energy vehicle brands in Europe were Tesla (24,036 vehicles), Volkswagen (18,284 vehicles) and BMW (10,009 vehicles). Most of the suppliers of lithium batteries for new energy vehicles of European car companies come from Asian countries such as China and South Korea.

　　¢ Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited supplies Volkswagen ID series new energy vehicles;

　　¢ German BMW has absorbed Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Vision Power and Panasonic into the supplier team of the new generation of 36 series large cylindrical lithium-ion batteries.

　　In the first seven months of this year, China’s lithium battery exports totaled US$ 37.045 billion, and the total amount of lithium batteries sold to Europe reached US$ 14 billion, accounting for 38%. At the same time, China power battery enterprises, including Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited and Honeycomb Energy, have chosen to build factories in Europe.

　　It can be said that Europe is the second growth curve of China’s lithium battery: it is not only an important destination for the export of lithium battery products in China, but also an important position for the expansion of China’s lithium battery industry chain.

　　Why are European local lithium battery companies almost invisible in the competition at their doorstep?

　　It’s not that I don’t want to. I’m too weak.

　　Now-as the second largest electric vehicle market in the world, Europe’s power battery production capacity is in a backward echelon. European local lithium battery companies have never been qualified to eat at the table.

　　In the ranking of installed capacity of global power batteries in 2022, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ranks first, followed by LG New Energy, BYD, Panasonic, SK On and Samsung SDI. None of the top ten are European companies.

　　In the long run-we have compared the capacity planning according to public information disclosure. From the planning point of view, the overall gap between the capacity layout of Asian lithium battery enterprises and European local enterprises in Europe is not obvious, but the capacity planning of European enterprises is still “castles in the air” at present. There are several reasons for the analysis of “The Star Ship Know How to Build”

　　First, the European power battery industry lacks a complete supply chain system.

　　Second, it costs a lot of money to fill in the shortcomings. Power lithium battery is a business with heavy assets and long return on investment-European battery companies are suffering from financing difficulties.

　　British battery company Britishvolt had hoped to raise 3.8 billion pounds to build a super factory in northern England. However, the enterprise has not signed a contract with any big customers, nor has it tested its technology on a commercial scale, which is almost out of a “fantasy” state. The British government rejected its application for funding of 30 million pounds.

　　The difficult financing situation has forced European local enterprises to shelve the vision of building a super-large factory to compete with East Asia Power Lithium Battery and turn to the layout of small capacity factories. However, the small-scale pilot project also means that the battery capacity of European local enterprises can not cover the existing market demand and can not get orders from large customers. Form a vicious circle.

　　Third, European local battery companies are struggling with the development uncertainty brought about by the energy crisis.

　　The most favored battery company in Europe is Sweden’s Northvolt, which has received investment from BMW and Volkswagen Group successively. However, due to the soaring energy costs in Europe, it was reported last month that Northvolt would postpone its planning to build a factory in Hyde, Germany.

　　Compared with European battery companies with full buff, car companies are naturally more willing to purchase a large number of power batteries from China.

　　Until the new battery law came into effect.

　　It means that the European lithium battery industry is having to seek a way out from a higher non-commercial will. For their own growth, catch up, buy time.

　　With the entry into force of the New Battery Law, the EU can build a wall for all power batteries flowing to the European market from the ecological standpoint of energy saving, emission reduction, green and low carbon-ask yourself what your identity is before entering my site.

　　What it holds is the imperfect life cycle management construction standard of power battery in China.

　　02 Window Period: Green Life Gate

　　China’s lithium battery industry is facing internal and external troubles.

　　First, the sales growth of new energy vehicles in China slowed down.

　　From January to July this year, the total sales volume of new energy vehicles in China was 4.526 million, a year-on-year increase of 41.7%. But the growth rate in the same period last year was 116%. The growth rate slowed down significantly.

　　A person related to the production line of a head lithium battery enterprise told Starship Zhizao that with the increasing penetration rate of electric vehicles, it is inevitable that the sales growth rate will slow down. However, at the same time as the terminal market slows down, the hidden dangers of expanding production capacity in the middle and upper reaches of the industry have become more prominent. Since the middle of this year, most of the employees in his company have been “forced to lie flat”. In the past, the production line workshop, which used to be full of horsepower all the year round, has no classes at present.

　　Overcapacity of power battery:

　　Based on the forecast of the demand for power batteries by third-party organizations in 2025, it is roughly 12,261-1,550 GWh, but the capacity planning of global enterprises has reached 8000GWh.

　　According to the announcement of Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, the capacity utilization rate of enterprises in the first half of the year dropped by 20% compared with last year, and the idle capacity has reached 100GWh h..

　　Battery material:

　　The capacity planning of enterprises related to cathode materials, anode materials, lithium battery separators and electrolytes greatly exceeds the upper limit of market demand forecast by third-party research institutions in 2025.

　　Ferrous lithium phosphate’s leading enterprise, Defang Nano, previously announced that it expected a loss of 1.17-1.04 billion yuan in the first half of the year, mainly due to insufficient capacity utilization.

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　　Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are the main raw materials to manufacture the positive electrode of power battery, which is the core component to provide power for new energy vehicles. Goodenough, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the father of lithium battery, believes that lithium is a kind of “white oil” from the resource side. He once said: “Lithium is no less important than strategic resources such as oil. Once there is a bottleneck in mining, it may become the fuse of war like oil.”in other words 2032 battery case:20 It is possible to develop in a good direction, and there are still many places worth looking forward to in the future. https://www.canrud.com/products/detail/81f89a31076f4fd18e883ee190d194cd

　　Although there is no sign of war, the battle around “lithium” is becoming increasingly fierce in the market.

　　In recent years, the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market has caused the price of lithium to soar. At the beginning of 2021, lithium carbonate was still 53,000 yuan/ton, and by the end of 2022, it had risen to 560,000 yuan/ton, an increase of more than ten times, which made a lot of lithium industry giants earn a lot of money.

　　However, at the beginning of this year, the price of lithium carbonate began to fall all the way. At the end of April, it fell to 176,400 yuan/ton and then rebounded, but it gradually fell. According to Wind data, by December 20th, the price of domestic battery-grade lithium carbonate had dropped to 101,000 yuan/ton.

　　Price changes of lithium carbonate in recent year

　　Image source: Wind

　　Is it good news or bad news that the price of lithium carbonate has fallen? This question has different answers for enterprises in different links of the new energy industry chain, such as people drinking water, knowing whether they are warm or cold.

　　First, the price of lithium “diving”

　　The fluctuation of lithium price is determined by market supply and demand.

　　Lithium carbonate comes from lithium ore, which refers to minerals or rocks containing extractable lithium, and is mainly divided into hard rock type and salt lake type. Hard rock type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Australia, China, Canada and other countries, while salt lake type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia and other countries in South America.

　　From 2016 to the end of 2017, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products broke out, which made lithium batteries in short supply and the price of lithium carbonate rose rapidly, which triggered a global lithium mine fever. The capital market rushed to invest and increased the development and reserve of lithium mines.

　　Price change of lithium carbonate since April 2017 (unit: RMB)

　　Image source: Wind

　　From the end of 2018 to the end of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic swept the world, and the economic downturn greatly reduced the public’s willingness to consume, making the supply of lithium batteries exceed the demand. At the same time, the innovation and improvement of lithium battery technology have continuously improved the performance and efficiency of lithium batteries, which has also put pressure on the price of lithium carbonate to a certain extent. The imbalance between supply and demand and inventory backlog led to the decline in the price of lithium carbonate.

　　In 2021, the global economy gradually recovered, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products increased again, and the demand for lithium batteries increased, which led to a sharp rebound in lithium prices. Especially in 2022, it will continue to be at a high level of more than 450,000 RMB per ton.

　　However, behind the prosperity lies the crisis of collapse. After all, no matter how fast the demand grows, it is not as fast and stable as the mining industry. According to the Global Supply and Demand Report of Lithium-ion Battery Industry Chain in 2023 released by TrendForce, the global lithium production will reach about 860,000 tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2022, and it is predicted that the global lithium production will reach 1.21 million tons in 2023, an increase of over 40%！this is obviously faster than the growth of market demand.

　　Overproduction leads to oversupply, and the price of lithium is “diving”, and the good days are over.

　　Second, eat the most “fat” meat and get the most “poisonous” beating.

　　From the buried mineral deposits to the batteries on the speeding electric vehicles, lithium runs through the industrial chain of lithium batteries in different forms. We simply divide this industrial chain into three links:

　　Upstream, it is a supplier of raw materials, realizing the transformation of lithium from lithium ore to lithium carbonate.

　　Midstream, a battery manufacturer, has realized the transformation of lithium from lithium carbonate to battery.

　　Downstream, it is the buyer of batteries, including new energy car companies.

　　Specifically, raw material suppliers located in the upstream of the industrial chain determine the supply of “lithium”. In China, the upstream enterprises include Tianqi Lithium Industry, Ganfeng Lithium Industry and Shengxin Lithium Energy. The year before, they made the most profits, and their output also made a “great leap forward”. Observer reported that the monthly output of battery-grade lithium carbonate in China reached 72,850 physical tons from January to November this year, up 53.79% year-on-year. However, when the price of lithium carbonate plummeted, they became the most seriously damaged enterprises. There are 27 companies whose A-shares are included in the concept of lithium mine. In the first three quarters, revenue decreased by 3.43% on average and net profit decreased by 63.47% on average. It can be seen that the output has increased, but the income has decreased, and the profit has plummeted by more than half.

　　What is more painful is that the current price of lithium has fallen below the production cost of some enterprises, that is to say, the more production, the more compensation.

　　Domestic raw materials of lithium carbonate mainly come from salt lakes in Tibet and Qinghai, spodumene in Sichuan, lepidolite in Jiangxi, and refined lithium ore mined from abroad, and the preparation cost increases in turn. According to industry experts’ estimation, the lowest cost of preparing lithium carbonate from salt lake can reach 30,000 yuan/ton, while the cost of preparing lithium carbonate from spodumene is about 70,000 yuan/ton.

　　21st century business herald once estimated that with the expansion of production, in 2022, the average cost of producing lithium carbonate by 12 domestic listed companies will increase to 124,400 yuan/ton. According to Late Finance, the cost of lithium carbonate for Yichun project in Jiangxi, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited is between 130,000 and 150,000 yuan per ton.

　　At present, the price of lithium is about to fall below 100,000 yuan/ton, that is to say, even enterprises with their own minerals can continue to produce without losing money, and only a few are left. DoNews sorted out the financial reports of some enterprises in the first three quarters, and their revenues and profits generally declined, with poor performance, especially the changes in profits were particularly bleak.

　　As the industry leader, the company’s revenue in the first three quarters was 25.68 billion yuan, down 6.99% year-on-year, and the net profit attributable to the mother was 6.01 billion yuan, down 59.38% year-on-year. Among them, in the third quarter, the company achieved revenue of 7.537 billion yuan, down 42.76% year-on-year, and net profit of 160 million yuan, down 97.88% year-on-year.

　　Tianqi Lithium’s revenue in the third quarter was 8.576 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 17.14%, and its net profit returned to its mother was 1.646 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 70.89%. Regarding the decline in profits, Tianqi Lithium said that the decline in the average selling price of lithium chemical products is the core reason for the decline in gross profit of lithium chemical products.

　　Considering that many new lithium salt projects are gradually entering the stage of capacity release, the situation of oversupply of lithium carbonate is likely to continue for some time, and the price of lithium carbonate will run at 100,000 yuan/ton or even lower. As an upstream enterprise of raw material suppliers, the days of suffering may be far away.

모모Rough PolishingIn today’s market background, wedding ring Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://tonglinring.com/

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모모1, First of all, the rough toss. Rough polishing is to throw away the file marks, pliers marks, drill marks, burrs and the black oxide layer left by welding on the surface of the jewelry metal bracket, and try to throw the jewelry metal bracket flat and coordinated, so that the arc is smooth and the lines are smooth. But also can not be too hard, polishing too hard, such as in the jewelry bracket surface left a depression will be difficult to restore its appearance. Rough casting is the basis of medium casting and fine casting. If it fails to meet the requirements, it will affect the later polishing and directly affect the quality of jewelry.

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모모Polishing Brush

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모모2. Then start polishing motor, rotate polishing brush (Zong brush) by motor shaft rotation force, brush tightening will be coarse sweeping agent C green wax block (containing chromium oxide) daub on the brush, you can polish.

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모모3. The brush is mainly used to polish the mesa of the inlaid jewelry, the main and auxiliary stone edging, the gap of the decorative decoration and the outside of the ring, but also to polish the reverse side of the jewelry. In the process of operation, the first thing to pay attention to is to evenly polish the wax to the brush, polishing force should be appropriate, not too much force and cause jewelry deformation, claw, loose claw, and even stone phenomenon, also can not polish is not in place and still have residual file marks, scratches, etc. All jewelry should be rough polished again, polishing is not obvious enough to repeat polishing.

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모모4. If polishing the inlaid ring, the inner ring of the ring should be polished with a velvet rod, and the appropriate velvet rod should be selected according to the needs. Green polishing wax must be applied to the ring velvet core before polishing. When throwing, pay attention to the contact surface of the velvet mandrel and ring, that is, the ring can not be set into the velvet mandrel too deep, and keep the polishing contact surface is 1/3 of the inner circle arc. Polishing Angle surface is too small, the working efficiency is low; If the contact surface is too large, it is very inconvenient to change the polishing position. Moreover, due to the large friction resistance, it is difficult to hold the jewelry to be polished, and it is easy to cause the polished jewelry to fly out and damage the shape of the gem ring surface or jewelry.

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모모5, rough polishing should pay attention to the brush and cloth wheel waxing, but a waxing can not be daub too much, to avoid polishing wax after the heat to melt it covered on the surface of the jewelry, and cover the jewelry surface traces and pockmarks, which will affect the quality of rough polishing jewelry, and bring difficulties to fine polishing, and even lead to rough polishing again.

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모모6, Polishing operator polishing techniques will also affect the quality of polishing, polishing operation is not correct, it is impossible to throw good jewelry. Generally speaking, when polishing, try to make the jewelry parallel to the polishing cloth wheel, hold the jewelry tightly with both hands and move along the cloth wheel from the top down. Polishing must be done evenly all parts of the jewelry at once, each part must be thrown in place. The polishing technique is not correct, and the polished jewelry is easy to be flicked off the hand on the high-speed polishing wheel, which is very easy to cause damage to the gem ring surface, deformation and fracture of the metal bracket. If the polished jewelry is small in size (such as chest pendants and ear studs), you can prepare a hook made of wire. Keep the polished jewelry with your left hand, and avoid skipping polishing and uneven weight of force during polishing. If there is a jumping phenomenon, it may be that the polishing wheel is not on the axis, it may also be that the polishing cloth wheel is not round, it is more likely to be the gesture problem, find out the reason, it is good to solve the problem.

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모모7, Some of the more difficult polishing of alloy jewelry, due to the metal toughness of jewelry in the soft metal cast light retention phenomenon, not easy to throw bright metal surface, can only be repeatedly polished to meet the requirements, such as platinum jewelry as far as possible polishing, polishing method and rough polishing is basically the same, still with a brush and yellow cloth wheel polishing, polishing wax is different, It mainly uses white polishing wax with fine particle size (it is an oxide containing aluminum). Medium polishing is to operate in accordance with the rough polishing method, the jewelry from beginning to end again.

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모모Fine Polishing

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모모8, Any jewelry after rough polishing must be fine, so as to make the metal jewelry surface finish stronger, fine polishing is further fine polishing on the basis of rough and medium polishing, make the jewelry surface more flat, smooth, to achieve the effect of mirror reflection. But its polishing friction contact surface is small, polishing not only the force should be small and uniform, and the surface of the jewelry must be completely polished again, the specific method is to use a fine white cloth wheel with red polishing wax, polishing the front of the jewelry, and then polishing the side of the jewelry, the corner. If the ring is polished, it should be polished with red wax on the ring velvet core rod. Then, polish the front of the ring on the floral shoulder, and finally polish the sides and outer ring of the jewelry.

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모모9, The jewelry after rough polishing, polishing and fine polishing 3 times, it should be said that the surface of the jewelry can reach the degree of smooth as a mirror. But sometimes because the grinding is too rough, there are still large file marks and scratches on the surface of the jewelry. It몶s very difficult to remove it through the polishing procedure. There is also the polishing process will row cover in the jewelry surface under the pitting spot grinding out, which not only affects the finish of the jewelry but also affects the quality of the jewelry, the situation must be trimmed, the jewelry on the trace file mark to use the hanging grinder to sweep the needle sandpaper to polish. Jewelry surface pitting spot must be repaired welding, grinding flat before polishing.몪몪

　　On January 31st, 2024, JAC Ruifeng RF8 was officially launched, becoming the third vehicle equipped with a large cylindrical battery. The other two are: JAC Yttrium 3, which was listed on June 16, 2023, and Tesla Cybertruck, which recently toured China.As an important brand soul of the company, 正极材料 Has outstanding performance, through the market test, still has a strong development trend. https://www.canrud.com/products?categories=Energy+materials,Not+specified&function=Cathode

　　Of course, the official name of Cybertruck in China is Cybercross Country Wagon.

　　Source/New Energy Prospective Shooting

　　On January 28, 2023, the much-watched Tesla Cybercross-country wagon officially opened its domestic tour. The eight cities are Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Xi ‘an, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Chengdu and Nanjing.

　　Musk has previously said that the 4680 battery will be an important part of Tesla’s 2023 plan. All future electric vehicles of Tesla, including Model Y, Semi semi-trailer truck, Cyber electric truck and Roadster 2 electric sports car, will use 4680 large cylindrical batteries.

　　According to Musk’s vision, the large cylindrical battery can increase the cruising range of Tesla electric vehicles by 16% and reduce the production cost by 50%, which is even considered as “the light of lithium battery”.

　　But in fact, after Musk launched 4,680 large cylindrical batteries in 2020, it was not until mid-2023 that large cylindrical batteries began to be mass-produced on a small scale. According to public information, in June 2023, Tesla produced the 10 millionth battery cell, and by October 2023, the 20 millionth 4680 battery cell was born. This means that the annual output of large cylindrical battery cells is 30 million, which is equivalent to the battery consumption of 24,000 Cybertruck.

　　Obviously, such battery production is out of proportion to the order volume of Cybertruck with more than 2 million units.

　　On the other hand, Tesla previously claimed that the negative electrode of the 4680 battery would be made of silicon carbide to improve the energy density. However, after disassembling the battery, a technical organization found that its negative electrode did not contain silicon carbide, but graphite. Some media said that the energy density of 4680 large cylindrical battery is not as good as that of 2170 small cylindrical battery.

　　In this way, the large cylindrical battery is still far from the “light of lithium battery”.

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　　What exactly is a large cylindrical battery?

　　At present, the power batteries of new energy vehicles can be divided into three types according to their shapes: square, soft bag and cylinder. Square is the mainstream form, accounting for about 60% of the market share.

　　Cylindrical batteries can be divided into two types: small cylindrical batteries and large cylindrical batteries. The former is a “2170 cylindrical battery” with a diameter of 21 mm and a height of 70 mm, which is a mature product. The large cylindrical battery is a battery with a diameter of 46 mm and a height of 80 mm, which is also often called “4680 cylindrical battery”.

　　In Tesla’s view, a cylindrical battery with a diameter of 46mm is the best size for battery life improvement and cost reduction. As the diameter becomes smaller, the number of battery sections required by the whole vehicle will increase, and the management of BMS (Battery Management System) will become more difficult. However, as the diameter increases, the number of battery sections decreases, but the heat dissipation of the battery core becomes a difficulty.

　　There is no “critical point” in height, so there are 4680, 4695 and even 46120 batteries.

　　In terms of endurance, the upper limit of energy density of large cylindrical battery is higher, and it has higher safety. Take Jianghuai Ruifeng RF8 as an example, its lithium iron phosphate battery has an energy density of 180Wh/kg, while the general Ferrous lithium phosphate density is 100-150Wh/kg. Under the premise of the same weight, the large cylindrical battery can provide a longer cruising range and higher performance for electric vehicles.

　　Source/Jianghuai Automobile Official Website New Energy Prospective Screenshot

　　An important reason for Musk to launch a large cylindrical battery is its low cost.

　　For Musk, carrying a larger 4680 battery can reduce the number of battery cells and welding accessories, thus simplifying the battery pack structure and reducing the use of materials. In addition, the cathode material of Tesla 4680 battery is made of Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA), which is relatively cheap and can provide higher energy density.

　　”The rise of large cylindrical batteries is related to the market strategy of car companies to reduce costs and increase efficiency.” Some people in the industry have a forward-looking analysis of new energy sources. Because of the characteristics of reduced structure of the whole package, large cylindrical batteries have certain advantages in overall cost, as well as high energy density and good power performance.

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　　Battery manufacturers compete for layout

　　Therefore, many battery manufacturers have chosen to follow the pace of Tesla.

　　In September 2020, Tesla CEO elon musk announced that Tesla would produce 4680 batteries. “For the 4680 battery, we still have a lot of work to do. Although it looks like a battery with a diameter of 46 mm and a height of 80 mm, it itself contains amazing new technologies. ” Musk said.

　　Subsequently, Panasonic, LG, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Yuanjing Power, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, BIC Battery and other enterprises successively announced that large cylindrical batteries would be included in the company’s technological development path.

　　In September 2023, Yiwei Lithium Energy said on the investor interaction platform that the company’s first large cylindrical production line was completed by the end of 2022. In the first half of 2023, the millionth battery was rolled off the assembly line.

　　Source/Yiwei Lithium Energy official website New energy forward-looking screenshot

　　In May 2023, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yiwei Lithium Energy signed a land purchase agreement with a Hungarian land seller to purchase its land in the northwest industrial zone of Debrecen for the production of cylindrical power batteries; In June of the same year, the 46 series large cylindrical light battery pack was first released; Yiwei Lithium Energy even said that the 46 series power energy storage batteries have achieved the intentional demand of customers in the next five years, totaling about 392GWh; The production capacity of large cylindrical batteries has been planned to exceed 100GWh, and mass production is expected to be realized in 2023-2024.

　　Panasonic’s chief technology officer in charge of electric vehicle batteries recently said that Tesla may provide cheaper electric vehicles to the market in the near future because Panasonic will launch the improved new generation of 2170 batteries and 4680 batteries as early as 2024.

　　According to the incomplete statistics of new energy prospect, domestic enterprises, such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Yuanjing Power, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Bike Battery, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Zhongchuang Singapore Airlines, Honeycomb Energy, Chuangming New Energy, Azure Lithium Battery, etc., all have layouts in the field of 4680 batteries or other 46 series cylindrical batteries.

　　Among them, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Vision Power and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited are all suppliers of large cylindrical batteries for BMW cars. According to the planning of BMW Group, large cylindrical batteries with a standard diameter of 46mm will be used in the “new generation” models from 2025.

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　　Mass production faces many challenges.

　　Undoubtedly, not only Tesla and Musk, but also the power battery industry is optimistic about the prospect of large cylindrical batteries.

　　Huatai Securities predicts that the global installed capacity of large cylindrical batteries will reach 429GWh in 2027, and the corresponding market size will be 214.48 billion yuan, with a compound annual growth rate of 110.7% from 2023 to 2027. Northeast Securities Research Report pointed out that in 2025, the installed capacity of 46 series large cylindrical batteries in the world is expected to reach 255GWh, and the global market penetration rate can be increased to 20%.