Monthly Archives: January 2025

　　onein fact Railway fittings It is more and more welcomed by our customers, and its market performance is gradually improving. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　Classification of fasteners and related accessories

　　

　　1. Fasteners:

　　

　　Bolts, studs, nuts, screws, washers, wood screws, tapping screws, pins, rivets, retaining rings, assemblies and connecting pairs, welding nails, innovative and non-standard products;

　　

　　2. Equipment:

　　

　　Molding equipment: cold heading machine, cold extrusion molding machine, heading machine, nailing machine, etc.

　　

　　Thread forming equipment: thread rolling machine, thread rolling machine, tapping machine, etc.

　　

　　Heat treatment equipment: industrial furnace, tempering line, high and medium frequency induction heating equipment, material annealing furnace, etc.

　　

　　Surface treatment equipment: phosphating line, oxidation line, zinc plating line, dacromet production line, etc.

　　

　　Auxiliary equipment: grinding machine, slotting machine, vibrating plate, marking machine, etc.

　　

　　Testing equipment and devices: hardness tester, material tension and compression tester, microscope, etc.

　　

　　3, tooling:

　　

　　Bolt forming die: including cutting die, upper die (pre-die, fine die, trimming die, etc.) and lower die (cold upsetting die, reducing die, ejector pin, etc.)

　　

　　Nut forming die: including cutting die, punch, punch, hole die, forming die, thimble, etc.

　　

　　Thread forming tools: thread rollers, thread washboards, taps, etc.

　　

　　4, surface treatment:

　　

　　Surface treatment process: electroplating, blackening, heat treatment, hot dip zinc, phosphating, mechanical plating and dacromet.

　　

　　Auxiliary materials: brightener, cleaning agent, antirust agent and degreasing agent.

　　

　　5. Raw materials:

　　

　　Medium carbon steel, low carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel (including wire, bar, plate, pipe, etc.)

　　

　　2

　　

　　The meaning of bolt performance grade

　　

　　The performance grades of bolts used for steel structure connection are divided into more than 10 grades, such as 3.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9 and 12.9. Among them, bolts of grade 8.8 and above are made of low-carbon alloy steel or medium-carbon steel and are heat-treated (quenched and tempered), which are generally called high-strength bolts, and the rest are generally called ordinary bolts.

　　

　　The bolt performance grade label consists of two parts of numbers, which respectively represent the nominal tensile strength value and yield ratio value of the bolt material. For example, a bolt with performance grade 4.6 means:

　　

　　1. The nominal tensile strength of bolt material reaches 400MPa;

　　

　　2. The yield ratio of bolt material is 0.6;

　　

　　3. The nominal yield strength of the bolt material reaches 400X0.6=240MPa, and the performance grade is 10.9. After heat treatment, the material can reach:

　　

　　1. The nominal tensile strength of bolt material reaches 1000MPa;

　　

　　2. The yield ratio of bolt material is 0.9;

　　

　　3. The nominal yield strength of bolt material reaches 1000X0.9=900MPa.

　　

　　The meaning of bolt performance grade is an international standard. Bolts with the same performance grade have the same performance regardless of the difference of material and origin, so only performance grade can be selected in design.

　　

　　The so-called 8.8 and 10.9 strength grades mean that the shear stress grades of bolts are 8.8GPa and 10.9Gpa.

　　

　　8.8 Nominal tensile strength 800N/MM2 Nominal yield strength 640N/MM2.

　　

　　Generally, the strength of bolts is expressed by “X.Y”.

　　

　　X*100= tensile strength of this bolt,

　　

　　X*100* (Y/10 )= yield strength of this bolt.

　　

　　(Because according to the marking: yield strength/tensile strength =Y/10)

　　

　　Such as 4.8.

　　

　　Then the bolt’s

　　

　　The tensile strength is 400MPa.

　　

　　The yield strength is: 400*8/10=320MPa. In addition, stainless steel bolts are usually marked as A4-70 and A2-70, and the meaning is otherwise explained.

　　

　　three

　　

　　magnanimity; tolerance

　　

　　There are mainly two types of length measurement units in the world today. One is metric, with the measurement units of meters (m), centimeters (cm) and millimeters (mm), which are widely used in Europe, China and Japan, and the other is English, with the measurement unit of inch, which is equivalent to the old city inch in China, and is widely used in the United States, Britain and other European and American countries.

　　

　　1. Metric measurement: (decimal system)

　　

　　1m =100 cm=1000 mm

　　

　　2. English measurement: (octal)

　　

　　1 inch =8 minutes 1 inch =25.4 mm3/8 00×25.4 =9.52

　　

　　3, 1/4 0 of the following products use serial numbers to indicate their address diameter, such as:

　　

　　4#5#6#7#8# 10# 12#

　　

　　four

　　

　　screw thread

　　

　　1. Thread is a shape with uniform spiral protrusions on the cross section of solid outer surface or inner surface. According to its structural characteristics and uses, it can be divided into three categories:

　　

　　(1) Ordinary thread: the tooth shape is triangular, which is used to connect or fasten parts. Ordinary threads are divided into coarse thread and fine thread according to pitch, and the connection strength of fine thread is higher.

　　

　　(2) Transmission thread: the tooth shapes include trapezoid, rectangle, saw and triangle.

　　

　　(3) Sealing thread: used for sealing connection, mainly including pipe thread, taper thread and taper pipe thread.

　　

　　Second, the thread matching grade:

　　

　　Thread fit is the size of looseness or tightness between screwed threads, and the level of fit is the prescribed combination of deviation and tolerance acting on internal and external threads.

　　

　　(1) For unified English thread, there are three thread grades for external thread: 1A, 2A and 3A, and three grades for internal thread:

　　

　　1B, 2B and 3B, all of which are clearance fit. The higher the grade number, the tighter the fit. In English thread, the deviation is only specified as Grade 1A and Grade 2A, the deviation of Grade 3A is zero, and the grade deviation of Grade 1A and Grade 2A is equal.

　　

　　The greater the number of grades, the smaller the tolerance.

　　

　　Classes 1, 1A and 1B, very loose tolerance classes, which are suitable for tolerance fit of internal and external threads.

　　

　　Grade 2, 2A and 2B are the most common thread tolerance grades specified by English series mechanical fasteners.

　　

　　Grade 3, 3A and 3B, which are screwed to form the tightest fit, are suitable for fasteners with tight tolerances and are used for the key design of safety.

　　

　　4. For external threads, there is a fit tolerance for Grade 1A and 2A, but not for Grade 3A. The tolerance of Class 1A is 50% greater than that of Class 2A and 75% greater than that of Class 3A. For internal threads, the tolerance of Class 2B is 30% greater than that of Class 2A. Class 1B is 50% larger than class 2B and 75% larger than class 3B.

　　

　　(2) Metric thread. There are three thread grades for external thread: 4h, 6 H and 6g, and three thread grades for internal thread: 5H, 6h and 7H. (The thread accuracy grade of Japanese standard is divided into I, II and III, which is usually Grade II) In metric thread, the basic deviation between H and H is zero. The basic deviation of G is positive, and the basic deviations of E, F and G are negative. As shown in the figure:

　　

　　1. H is the commonly used tolerance zone position of internal thread, which is generally not used as surface coating or extremely thin phosphating layer. The basic deviation of G position is used in special occasions, such as thick coating, which is rarely used in general.

　　

　　2. G is commonly used to plate a thin coating of 6-9um. For example, the bolt required by the product drawing is 6h, and the thread before plating is 6g tolerance zone.

　　

　　3. It is best to combine the thread fit into H/g, H/h or G/H. For refined fastener threads such as bolts and nuts, the standard recommends 6H/6g fit.

　　

　　(3), thread marking

　　

　　Three, the main geometric parameters of self-tapping and self-drilling thread:

　　

　　(1) The major diameter/tooth outer diameter (d1) is the imaginary cylinder diameter with overlapping thread crests. The major diameter of the thread basically represents the nominal diameter of the thread size.

　　

　　(2) Small diameter/root diameter (d2): it is the imaginary cylinder diameter with overlapping thread roots.

　　

　　(3) Pitch (P): refers to the axial distance between adjacent teeth corresponding to two points on the meridian. Pitch is expressed by the number of teeth per inch (25.4mm) in the British system.

　　

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China, Beijing, March 13 (Reporter Guo Chaokai) Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin held a regular press conference on March 13.

A reporter asked: Members of the U.S. Congress are voting to decide whether to ban TT from operating in the United States. what is China’s comment on this

Wang Wenbin: In recent years, although the United States has never found evidence that TT threatens U.S. national security, it has never stopped suppressing TT. This practice of bullying without winning in fair competition disrupts the normal business activities of enterprises. What undermines is the confidence of international investors in the investment environment, undermines the normal international economic and trade order, and will eventually backfire to the United States itself.

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On the 24th local time, Sandis Saka, governor of Enga Province, Papua New Guinea, publicly issued a document saying that the landslide that occurred in the province in the early morning of the day was an unprecedented natural disaster that caused huge losses to property and human lives. The landslide affected more than six villages in the province, and it is not yet possible to calculate specific losses.

Sandis Saka expressed sympathy to local communities and families, as well as to the people affected by the disaster and the victims.

Sandis Saka said that the Nga provincial government deployed a Rapid Incident Response Service team to the scene that morning to carry out rescue work and conduct a rapid assessment of the extent of local damage. The team is composed of officials from the Provincial Disaster Relief Office, Provincial Health Bureau, Police, Papua New Guinea Defense Force, and international organizations based in Papua New Guinea such as the Office of International Migration and the United Nations Development Program.

At about 3 a.m. local time on the 24th, a village in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea suffered a landslide. Local residents said the estimated death toll exceeded 100. Authorities have not yet confirmed the number of casualties. (General reporter Liu Zhimin)

　　The English word for Screw is screw. The meaning of this word has changed greatly in recent hundreds of years. At least in 1725, it means “mating”.from Auto parts Looking at the development prospects, the future will always bring positive effects. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　The application of the thread principle can be traced back to 220 BC, when the Greek scholar Archimedes created the spiral water lifting tool.

　　

　　In the 4th century A.D., Mediterranean countries began to apply the principle of bolts and nuts to the press for wine making. At that time, the external threads were all wrapped around a cylindrical bar with a rope, and then carved according to this mark, while the internal threads were often formed by hammering with soft materials wrapped around the external threads.

　　

　　Around 1500, in the sketch of thread processing device drawn by Italian Leonardo da Vinci, there was an idea of using mother screw and exchange gear to process threads with different pitches. Since then, the method of mechanical thread cutting has developed in European watch manufacturing industry.

　　

　　In 1760, the British brothers J. Wyatt and W. Wyatt obtained a patent for cutting wooden screws with a special device. In 1778, an Englishman, J. ramsden, made a thread cutting device driven by a worm gear pair, which could process long threads with high precision. In 1797, H. Maudslay, an Englishman, turned metal threads with different pitches on the lathe improved by him, which laid the basic method for turning threads.

　　

　　In the 1820s, Maudslay produced the first batch of taps and dies for thread processing.

　　

　　At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of automobile industry further promoted the standardization of threads and the development of various precise and efficient thread processing methods. Various automatic opening die heads and automatic shrinking taps were invented one after another, and thread milling began to be applied.

　　

　　In the early 1930s, thread grinding appeared.

　　

　　Although the thread rolling technology was patented in the early 19th century, it developed slowly because of the difficulty in mold manufacturing. It was not until the Second World War (1942 ~ 1945) that the demand of ammunition production and the development of thread grinding technology solved the precision problem of mold manufacturing, and it achieved rapid development.

　　

　　Threads are mainly divided into connection threads and transmission threads.

　　

　　For connecting threads, the main processing methods are tapping, threading, turning, rolling and rubbing.

　　

　　For transmission thread, its processing methods are mainly: rough turning-grinding, cyclone milling-rough turning, etc.

　　

　　Today, let’s take a look at the various processing methods of threads with Xiao Bang and see which method is better.

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Berlin, May 14 (Reporter Che Yunlong) The “2023 Report on Foreign Enterprises ‘Investment in Germany” released by the German Federal Agency for Foreign Trade and Investment on the 14th shows that Chinese companies’ interest in German investment has increased significantly. Last year, the number of investment projects in Germany reached a new high since 2017, an increase of nearly 42% over the previous year.

The report shows that a total of 1759 foreign investment projects settled in Germany last year, roughly the same as in 2022. Among them, the number of Chinese investment projects in Germany is 200, ranking third, after the United States and Switzerland.

The report said that Chinese companies ‘investment in renewable energy increased significantly last year, and the number of projects was about three times that of 2022, accounting for about one-fifth of the total number of projects. Other major investment areas include machinery manufacturing and electronics.

Thomas Boyan, author of the report and an expert at the German Federal Agency for Foreign Trade and Investment, said that China has been one of Germany’s most important sources of foreign investment for many years and has a wide range of investment industries in Germany.

The German Federal Agency for Foreign Trade and Investment is the German government’s agency responsible for foreign trade and inward investment, providing advice and support to foreign countries entering the German market. The agency publishes a report on foreign companies ‘investment in Germany every year. All the counted projects are greenfield investment or expansion projects, and mergers and acquisitions are not included in the statistical scope.

　　The world’s cutting-edge walking machine is difficult to process intramedullary nails with internal threads!In the past ten years, DIN933 Defeated many competitors, courageously advanced in the struggle, and polished many good products for customers. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　I. Overview of Bone Nail

　　

　　Bone nail, also known as fracture fixation screw, is often used as a fixed orthopedic implant in clinic. Bone nails are usually used to fix internal fractures or dislocations. By directly screwing in two different bone blocks or fixing bone plates and other internal implants, the fractures can be fixed, the bones can be positioned and their healing can be promoted. Bone nails are widely used, including shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, spine and other major areas. For example, pedicle screw system is used for spinal fusion, and compression bone screws are usually used for foot and ankle surgery or other fixation of fractures under pressure. Yao Ming, Duran and other famous stars have implanted bone nails.

　　

　　Second, the main structure of bone nail

　　

　　Similar to traditional mechanical screws, the main structure of bone nail also includes nail cap, nail body and nail tip.

　　

　　Schematic diagram of main structure of bone nail

　　

　　Three, according to the screw function classification

　　

　　Bone screws can be divided into plate screws, tension screws, position screws, interlocking screws and reduction screws according to their different functions.

　　

　　Table 1. Function Classification of Screws

　　

　　Several common screws

　　

　　Fourth, bone nail materials change with each passing day

　　

　　Traditional bone nails are mainly made of two materials, stainless steel and titanium. With the advent of new biodegradable biomaterials, more and more materials are used to make bone nails.

　　

　　(1) Bioabsorbable screws

　　

　　At present, although Chinese enterprises still mainly promote basic products, new degradable bone nails are being actively developed and put into the market. In recent years, more bone nails made of absorbable materials have entered the market and achieved good clinical results.

　　

　　Common absorbable screws (left: PLA absorbable screws; Right: magnesium bone nail)

　　

　　(2) Coated screws

　　

　　In addition to manufacturing materials as a whole, many companies have also begun to study the surface coating of screws, thus increasing the surface wear resistance and hardness of bone nails and reducing the effect of material rejection. For example, Nail PROtect, launched by DePuy Synthes, an orthopedic materials giant, claims to have the effect of preventing infection.

　　

　　Nail PROtect

　　

　　(3) Biological bone nail

　　

　　At present, there is no manufacturer producing biological bone material in China, but the excellent biological performance and postoperative rehabilitation effect of biological bone material are better than any artificial implant. The good biocompatibility of biological bone nail does not need to worry about rejection and secondary surgery. Researchers at the University of Graz in Austria have developed an allogenic orthopedic screw and named it shark screw, which has been clinically applied in 14 hospitals in Austria. Although the problem of bone donation needs to be solved in addition to processing technology, with the enhancement of Chinese people’s awareness of donation and the current situation of China’s population base, it is believed that biological bone materials also have huge market potential.

　　

　　Shark screw

　　

　　It is expected that the relevant enterprises in China’s bone nail industry will start from the details, concentrate on research and development, pay attention to innovation, and take advantage of the policy dividend, and small screws can also raise hundreds of millions of markets ~

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According to a report by Singapore’s Lianhe Zaobao on March 21, there are still a few months before the 2024 U.S. presidential election. A number of polls show that Democratic President Biden’s approval rating is slightly ahead of former Republican President Trump.

Reported that Biden and Trump have recently locked in the Democratic and Republican presidential candidacies. If nothing unexpected, the two will face off again in the presidential election.

According to reports, according to the Economist Weekly poll average, as of March 19, Biden led Trump slightly (44%) with a 45% approval rating. At least three polls conducted in March showed Biden would defeat Trump in the November presidential election.

The report also said that Reuters Ipsos conducted a survey of 3356 registered voters from March 7 to 13. The poll results showed that Biden would receive 39% of the votes, and Trump’s vote rate would be 38%.

Another poll, conducted from March 9 to 12, showed Biden would receive 45% of the vote, compared with Trump’s 44%.

The report pointed out that a number of previous polls have shown that most Americans do not want to see Biden and Trump rematch.

　　As we all know, from airplanes and trains to pens and ballpoint pens, our thread family is everywhere, showing a wave of self-portraits of our brothers and sisters busy in various parts ~At first, Mining support system It developed out of control and gradually opened up a sky of its own. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　Ball screw

　　

　　deformed steel bars

　　

　　Rebar (right)

　　

　　pipe joint

　　

　　Screw nut

　　

　　Many people ask us, how to define our thread family? Quite simply, our thread is a helix that cuts into the workpiece from the outside or from the inside.

　　

　　The main functions of our thread are:

　　

　　> mechanical connection is formed by combining internal thread products and external thread products.

　　

　　> transfer motion by converting rotary motion into linear motion, and vice versa.

　　After more than a year of repeated tests and cooperation with seven other collaborators, the high-performance steel team of Shanghai University School of Materials successfully developed the world’s first 19.8-grade ultra-high-strength bolt known as the world’s strongest fastener.As we all know, Torque nut The emergence of the market is worthy of many people’s attention, which has aroused the waves of the whole market. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　Through the optimization of materials and heat treatment process, the tensile strength of 16.8 and 19.8 grade bolts at room temperature meets 1600~1770MPa and 1900~2070MPa respectively.

　　

　　The results of shear test (according to GJB 3376-1998) show that the shear force of grade 16.8 and grade 19.8 bolts reaches 97KN and 115KN respectively.

　　

　　The tensile fatigue strength test at room temperature (according to GJB 3376-1998 and GJB715.30A-2002, the load ratio =0.1) shows that the developed fastener meets the fatigue life requirements (the average fatigue life is not less than 65,000 times, and the single fatigue life is not less than 45,000 times).

　　

　　The results of delayed fracture resistance test (according to GJB 715.12-1990, the constant tensile stress was kept for 96 hours in atmospheric environment) showed that the bolt did not break during the test time, and no cracks were found on the bolt surface and thread after unloading. The comprehensive performance of the newly developed ultra-high strength bolt meets the service requirements.

　　

　　Class 16.8 and 19.8 fasteners in kind (specifications are MJ8〜1〜50)

　　

　　Under the same clamping force, the ultra-high strength fastener can reduce its weight and increase the installation space by reducing its own size, so it can optimize the function and volume of the connected parts, so as to achieve the goal of overall weight reduction and performance optimization of the equipment.

　　

　　So what is a high strength bolt? What is the strength of high-strength bolts? Sister Jin brought you here today to find out.

　　

　　one

　　

　　What is a high strength bolt?

　　

　　High-Strength Friction Grip Bolt, literally translated as: high-strength friction preload bolt, abbreviated as HSFG. It can be seen that the high-strength bolt mentioned in Chinese construction is the abbreviation of high-strength friction pre-tightening bolt. In daily communication, only the words “Friction” and “Grip” are briefly mentioned, but it has caused many engineers and technicians to understand the basic definition of high-strength bolts, resulting in misunderstandings.

　　

　　Myth 1:

　　

　　Bolts with material grade over 8.8 are “high strength bolts”?

　　

　　The core difference between high-strength bolts and ordinary bolts is not the strength of the materials used, but the form of stress. The essence is whether to apply pre-tightening force and use static friction to resist shear.

　　

　　In fact, there are only two kinds of high-strength bolts (HSFG BOLT) mentioned in British Standard Specification and American Standard Specification (BS EN 14399/ASTM-A325&ASTM-490), while ordinary bolts include 4.6, 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9, etc. (BS 3692 11, Table 2) It can be seen that the strength of materials is not the key to distinguish high-strength bolts from ordinary bolts.

　　

　　2?

　　

　　Where is the strength of high-strength bolts?

　　

　　According to GB50017, calculate the tensile and shear strength of a single ordinary bolt (Class B) with Grade 8.8 and a high-strength bolt with Grade 8.8.

　　

　　Through calculation, we can see that the design values of tensile strength and shear strength of ordinary bolts are higher than those of high-strength bolts under the same grade.

　　

　　So where is the “strength” of high-strength bolts?

　　

　　In order to answer this question, it is necessary to study the law of elastic-plastic deformation of two kinds of bolts from the design working state, and understand the limit state of design failure.

　　

　　Stress-strain curves of ordinary bolts and high-strength bolts under working conditions

　　

　　Limit state of design failure

　　

　　Ordinary bolt: the screw itself has plastic deformation exceeding the design allowable, and the screw is sheared.

　　

　　For ordinary bolted connections, there will be relative slip between the connecting plates before they begin to bear shear force, and then the bolt rod will contact with the connecting plates, which will cause elastic-plastic deformation and bear shear force.

　　

　　High-strength bolt: The static friction between the effective friction surfaces is overcome, and the two steel plates are relatively displaced, which is considered as failure in design.

　　

　　When high-strength bolts are connected, the friction bears the shear force first. When the load increases to the point where the friction force is not enough to resist the shear force, the static friction force is overcome and the connecting plates slide relatively (limit state). However, although it is damaged at this time, the bolt rod is in contact with the connecting plate, and it can still bear the shear force by using its own elastic-plastic deformation.

　　

　　Myth 2:

　　

　　High bearing capacity is high strength bolt?

　　

　　From the calculation of a single bolt, it can be seen that the design strength of high-strength bolt in tension and shear is lower than that of ordinary bolt. The essence of its high strength is that during normal operation, the joint is not allowed to slip, that is, the elastic-plastic deformation is small and the joint stiffness is large.

　　

　　It can be seen that the joints designed with high-strength bolts may not necessarily save the number of bolts under the given design node load, but they have small deformation, high stiffness and high safety reserve. It is suitable for the main beam, and other positions that require greater joint stiffness, which conforms to the basic seismic design principle of “strong joints and weak members”.

　　

　　The strength of high-strength bolts lies not in the design value of their own bearing capacity, but in the high stiffness, high safety and strong damage resistance of their designed joints.

　　

　　three

　　

　　Comparison between high strength bolts and ordinary bolts

　　

　　Ordinary bolts and high-strength bolts have great differences in construction inspection methods because of their different design stress principles.

　　

　　The mechanical performance requirements of ordinary bolts of the same grade are slightly higher than those of high-strength bolts, but high-strength bolts have one more acceptance requirement for impact work than ordinary bolts.

　　

　　The marking of ordinary bolts and high-strength bolts is the basic method to identify bolts of the same grade on site. Because the values of torque calculation for high-strength bolts in British and American standards are different, it is necessary to identify the bolts of the two standards.

　　

　　Ordinary bolts are about 70% of the price of high-strength bolts. Combined with the comparison of their acceptance requirements, it can be concluded that the premium part should be to ensure the impact energy (toughness) performance of materials.

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Doha, March 19 (Reporter Wang Qiang) Qatar Foreign Ministry spokesman Ansari said on the 19th that the Gaza ceasefire negotiations are not yet close to reaching an agreement, and Qatar is cautiously optimistic about the negotiations.

Ansari said at a weekly press conference that day that Barnea, director of the Israeli Intelligence and Secret Service (Mossad), who led the Israeli delegation, had left Qatar, but the technical issues team was still conducting consultations in Doha. Negotiations are still ongoing, but are far from being announced. Qatar hopes that the negotiations will continue until an agreement is reached.

Ansari also warned that fighting in the southern Gaza Strip city of Rafarot would cause a humanitarian disaster and would have an impact on the negotiations once the situation escalates.

The Israeli delegation arrived in Qatar on the 18th to hold negotiations with Qatar and Egyptian officials. Since Hamas and Israel refused to negotiate face-to-face, Egypt and Qatar spoke the message.