Yearly Archives: 2025

　　Threaded fittings are everywhere, and there are many kinds and standards. For inexperienced people, the appearance and performance of threads are almost the same, so it is impossible to identify them accurately. Master the necessary thread structure and terminology, so as to communicate with manufacturing partners efficiently to get what they need. What are the types of threads? How to choose thread correctly? What do the m, g, Tr and b of thread label mean? What are the differences between GB, GB Wyeth and GB thread? Let’s take a look together ~Besides, we can’t ignore. Resin anchorage agent It has injected new vitality into the development of the industry and has far-reaching significance for activating the market. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　1. A brief history of thread

　　

　　As early as the 4th century BC, naturalists in ancient Greece learned the basic spiral form, and applied it to pressing wine and oil. Until today, we still use archimedean spiral to get water.

　　

　　Fig. 1 archimedean spiral water intake device still in use today.

　　

　　By the 14th century, hand-made threads and screws appeared. During the industrial revolution, it was more necessary than ever to connect mechanical objects with bolts.

　　

　　These early nuts, bolts and screws were made by hand or simple lathe, and they could not be interchanged and used universally in different industries or even between different companies in the same industry.

　　

　　Figure 2 Hand-made threads 200 years ago vs modern machine-made threads

　　

　　With the continuous progress of industrial technology, countries have formulated their own unified standards and international common standards in order to improve efficiency. At present, there are mainly two kinds of thread measurement standards, English and metric. The latter is adopted in China, and metric mm is used as the measurement mark unit of thread.

　　

　　2. Thread definition

　　

　　Thread refers to a continuous convex spiral ridge made by winding a cylinder or cone in a spiral form. The former is called straight thread and the latter is called conical thread. This spiral structure converts rotary motion into linear motion to realize linear moving of objects.

　　

　　Figure 3 Straight thread and taper thread

　　

　　Threads are fastened or driven by the connection of internal and external threads. The thread on the outer surface of the workpiece is external thread, such as common bolts or screws; Inside the workpiece is internal thread, which is generally on the parts to be assembled.

　　

　　3. Five elements of thread

　　

　　A complete description of thread should include at least five elements, namely, tooth type+nominal diameter+number of threads+pitch (or lead)+rotation direction. Among them, tooth type is the key factor to determine the final use of thread.

　　

　　dentoform

　　

　　Tooth type refers to the geometric shape of thread, and different tooth types determine whether the thread is used for connection or transmission. At present, the common tooth types are mainly triangular, trapezoidal, serrated and rectangular thread types.

　　

　　Triangular thread is mainly used for connection, and the other three tooth types are used for power transmission.

　　

　　Fig. 4 Comparison of four common types of thread teeth.

　　

　　Triangular threads are mainly common threads with code M and pipe threads with code G.. M-thread is the most commonly used connecting thread, which is divided into coarse thread and fine thread, and fine thread is mainly used in small or thin-walled parts. Pipe threads are used to connect water pipes, gas pipes and other pipelines.

　　

　　Trapezoidal thread code Tr is used for power transmission of screw rods of various machine tools. The serrated thread code B can only transmit power in one direction. Fig. 5 is a classification of threads by use and tooth type.

　　

　　Figure 5 Classification of threads

　　

　　diameter

　　

　　Indicates that the nominal diameter is used for thread size, and the nominal diameter (metric unit) is used for all threads except the internal diameter (inch) of the pipe thread.

　　

　　External thread and internal thread are represented by uppercase and lowercase letters “D” and “D” respectively. For example, the large, medium and small diameters of external threads are represented by D, d1 and d2; Internal threads are denoted by d, D1 and D2.

　　

　　Large diameter refers to the imaginary cylinder diameter tangent to the top of external thread or the bottom of internal thread; The minor diameter is the imaginary cylinder diameter tangent to the bottom of external thread or the top of internal thread; The pitch diameter is the most important parameter to realize the fit and strength of threads, and it is an imaginary cylindrical diameter whose tooth width on the pitch line is consistent with the width of adjacent tooth slots.

　　

　　Fig. 6 Large, Medium and Small Diameters of External Thread and Internal Thread

　　

　　line number

　　

　　The number of thread lines refers to the number of spiral lines when forming threads, which can be divided into single line and multi-line. Single thread refers to the thread formed along one helix, and multi-thread refers to the thread formed along two or more helices.

　　

　　Figure 7 Single and Double Thread

　　

　　Pitch (lead)

　　

　　The axial distance p between two corresponding points on the pitch line of two adjacent teeth on the thread is called the pitch; On the same thread, the axial distance Ph between two corresponding points on the pitch line of two adjacent teeth is called lead.

　　

　　Figure 8 Pitch and Lead

　　

　　Fig. 9 Rotation direction of thread

　　

　　4. Common standards of threads in various countries

　　

　　The prevailing standards of threads in various countries are mainly two types of thread measurement and identification standards in metric units and inch units.

　　

　　Metric or international standard thread

　　

　　Metric thread was first adopted in central France from 1898 to 1908, and then widely popularized in various countries. GB metric thread standard was adopted in China.

　　

　　Metric thread code M is suitable for connecting workpieces with a diameter of 0.25mm to 300mm. The thread angle is 60, the tooth top is flat, which is easy to turn, and the tooth bottom is circular, which can increase the thread strength. Metric threads are divided into coarse teeth and fine teeth.

　　

　　Figure 10 Metric Thread Standard

　　

　　British standard Wyeth thread

　　

　　Originated in Britain, joseph whitworth, a British citizen, invented this thread in 1841, hence the name. The thread angle of this kind of thread is 55, and the top and bottom of the tooth are arc-shaped, also known as B.S.W thread.

　　

　　Fig. 11 British standard Wyeth thread standard

　　

　　British standard fine thread

　　

　　In shape, this kind of thread is similar to B.S.W thread, and the thread angle is 55, but the number of threads per inch is more, that is, the thread thickness is thinner, which makes the grip stronger, and it is used for parts that need high strength or bear large vibration.

　　

　　Fig. 12 British standard fine pitch thread standard

　　

　　American standard thread

　　

　　The crest and bottom of American standard thread are both flat, with good strength and stress resistance. The thread angle is 60, and the specification is expressed by several teeth per inch. It is divided into three grades: coarse teeth (NC), fine teeth (NF) and extra fine teeth (NEF).

　　

　　Fig. 13 American standard thread standard

　　

　　Unified standard thread

　　

　　Developed by the United States, Britain and Canada, it is a commonly used English thread at present. Compared with American standard thread, the thread angle is 60, and the specification is also expressed by the number of teeth per inch, which is also divided into three levels: coarse thread (UNC), fine thread (UNF) and extra fine thread (UNEF).

　　

　　Fig. 14 unified thread standards of the United States, Britain and Canada.

　　

　　German DIN round thread standard

　　

　　It is a standard thread set by DIN in Germany. The thread is round and suitable for the connection of light bulbs and rubber tubes. The thread code is Rd.

　　

　　Fig. 15 Wyeth thread standard

　　

　　Trapezoidal Tr thread

　　

　　Trapezoidal thread, also known as Acme thread, is a kind of special transmission thread that can be adjusted by nut after wear. When the metric thread standard is adopted, the thread angle is 30, and the thread angle when the British thread standard is adopted is 29.

　　

　　Fig. 16 Wyeth thread standard

　　

　　5. National Metric Thread Identification and Examples

　　

　　China’s GB standard stipulates that the unit for marking ordinary threads is millimeters, with the first letter being the thread code, the second digit representing the nominal diameter (major diameter) of the thread, and the subsequent symbols representing the tolerance code, the screwing length code and the screwing direction code in turn. Among them, the fine pitch must be marked, and the coarse pitch can be omitted.

　　

　　Fig. 17 5-part labeling contents of common thread

　　

　　Remarks on the codes of each part: the characteristic code indicates the thread type, for example, m indicates the common thread; The dimension code indicates the nominal diameter 〜 pitch, for example, 8×1 indicates that the nominal diameter is 8 and the pitch is 1; The code of the tolerance zone consists of the tolerance grade (number) and the basic deviation (external thread is represented by lowercase letters and internal thread is represented by uppercase letters); The code of screwing length is denoted by codes L, N and S, respectively. When the thread is of medium screwing length, code N is not marked. The rotation direction code is LH for left-handed threads, and LH for right-handed threads.

　　

　　Example interpretation

　　

　　Example 1: What thread does M20x1.5LH-5G6g-s represent?

　　

　　Example 2: What kind of thread does B36x14 (p7)-7h-L refer to?

　　

　　Wechat picture _20221011160440.png

　　

　　Example 3: How to express the left-handed single-thread fine-tooth common thread with a nominal diameter of 20 and a pitch of 1.5?

　　

　　6. Custom thread processing method

　　

　　Threads can be customized by three methods: NC turning, three-axis linkage milling and tapping and threading.

　　

　　Method 1 NC turning

　　

　　CNC turning with turning tool has a simple tool structure, which is the most commonly used customized machining method for single piece and small batch of threaded workpieces.

　　

　　Figure 18 Custom Machining of Turning Thread

　　

　　Method 2 NC milling

　　

　　Generally, disc milling cutter or comb milling cutter is used for milling. Disc milling cutter is mainly used for milling trapezoidal external threads on screw rods, worms and other workpieces, while comb milling cutter is used for milling internal and external common threads or tapered threads.

　　

　　Fig. 19 Custom Machining of NC Milling Thread

　　

　　Method 3 Tapping and threading

　　

　　Tapping is to screw the tap into the bottom hole drilled in the workpiece in advance with a certain torque, so as to process it into the required internal thread.

　　

　　Figure 20 Tapping

　　

　　Sleeve thread is a molding method of cutting external thread on bar workpiece with die.

　　

　　Fig. 21 Set of silk

　　

　　On the one hand, the accuracy of tapping and threading depends on the accuracy of tap or die, on the other hand, it depends on the processing experience. Many non-standard small-diameter internal threads can only be processed by tap. Tapping and threading can be done by hand, or by lathe, drilling machine, tapping machine or threading machine.

　　The design of brand visual identity system () is one of the key tools for every enterprise to stand out in the market competition. A successful brand can not only enhance the brand image, but also enhance the memory and trust of consumers. However, the cost of brand design is usually high, so it is very important for enterprises to understand its charging structure and how to arrange the budget reasonably. This paper will comprehensively introduce the cost composition of brand design and how to make a reasonable budget arrangement to help enterprises better control the design cost.from midjourney portrait prompt From the reference value, it can also bring a lot of inspiration to other industries. https://www.groprompt.com/

　　

　　The cost composition of brand design

　　

　　The cost of brand design usually consists of several parts, mainly including the following aspects:

　　

　　1 Design creativity and planning cost: This is the most basic and key link in the process of brand design. The design needs to create a unique visual system for the brand and meet the needs of the target audience through market research, brand analysis and creative conception.

　　

　　2 Design and production costs: including logo design, color scheme, font design and other specific design work costs. At this stage, the designer will carry out specific design implementation according to the planning scheme and complete the preliminary visual manuscript.

　　

　　3. Cost of revision and improvement: During the process of brand design, customers may put forward revision opinions. The number of revisions and improvements and the amount of work directly affect the increase of expenses.

　　

　　Post-implementation cost: Once the design is completed, enterprises need to use these design elements in different application scenarios, such as printed matter, design and packaging design. The realization of each application field has its own independent cost.

　　

　　Factors affecting the cost of brand design

　　

　　The level of brand design cost is closely related to the following factors besides the charging standard of the design itself:

　　

　　1 Brand scale: The brand design of large enterprises is usually more complicated, which requires more market research and many revisions, and the cost is naturally higher.

　　

　　2 Design experience and reputation: Well-known designers will charge higher design fees because of their design team’s experience and high-level service.

　　

　　3 Complexity of design requirements: The higher the design requirements, the wider the creative and design fields involved, and the cost will naturally increase accordingly.

　　

　　How to arrange the brand design budget reasonably

　　

　　In order to ensure that the brand design can be successfully completed within the budget, enterprises need to plan and arrange the design expenses reasonably:

　　

　　1 Clear budget scope: Set the design budget according to the actual situation of the enterprise, and try to avoid over-compression of the budget. Under normal circumstances, the cost of brand design should occupy a part of the marketing budget of enterprises.

　　

　　Choose the right design: within the budget, choose the design with high cost performance, not just according to the price level. By evaluating the past cases of design, ensure that the design level matches the budget.

　　

　　3 Payment by stages: Many designs will adopt payment by stages, and enterprises can pay in different stages to avoid excessive one-time payment and ensure that the design results of each stage meet expectations.

　　

　　Suggestions on budget control of brand design

　　

　　1. Reasonably estimate the revision times: specify the revision times and conditions provided by the design, so as to avoid budget overruns caused by too many revisions.

　　

　　2. Avoid extra expenses: Before signing the contract, make sure that the scope of expenses is clear to avoid hidden expenses in the later period, such as extra design modification and urgent expenses.

　　

　　3 Consider long-term cooperation: If the enterprise plans to update and optimize the brand for a long time, it can establish a long-term cooperative relationship with the design, which will help to obtain preferential prices in future projects.

　　

　　summary

　　

　　Brand design is one of the core tasks for enterprises to enhance their brand image, and the design cost is usually calculated according to many factors such as creative planning, design, production and implementation. When designing, enterprises should first make clear the budget range, choose the appropriate design according to their own needs, and plan the expenses reasonably to ensure the smooth progress of the design work. At the same time, enterprises should also maintain good communication with the design to avoid unnecessary extra expenses. In terms of budget control, reasonable planning of revision times, selection of appropriate phased payment methods and establishment of long-term cooperative relationship with design are all effective control strategies.

　　The history of the American West tells of pioneers searching for gold and other precious metals. But when these intrepid adventurers arrived in western Montana in search of gold, they accidentally found a very strange and shiny stone. It was sapphire. Before the discovery of sapphires, pioneers did not know much about precious stones, which were considered worthless by ordinary gold seekers. More than 100 years later, the Montana mine¨s legacy value was discovered by a few miners who started a company and turned to sapphire deposits.Today, people are interested in custom made jewelry There are also many dependencies, and the expectations for products are getting higher and higher. https://tonglinring.com/

　　

　　The biggest challenge is Montana¨s rugged terrain, a harsh winter that only allows construction for about six months a year, and a lack of water. Wildfires forced the closure of mines several times in 2017. Despite the challenges,2018 was the company¨s third year of full production, with more than 100 kilograms of sapphire raw stone recovered. In 2018, the company purchased more beneficiation equipment for the mine, which can process more ore and produce more sapphires each year. The company also pays special attention to the protection of the mine field environment and has implemented a strict mine environmental restoration program. They only allowed a single mining operation in a five-acre area, and after the mine environment was restored there was hardly any trace of mining. Special water filters have been installed to purify and treat mineral processing wastewater, supposedly to protect the river¨s native trout.

　　

　　Sapphires here come in a variety of colors (Photo 1), including blue, brilliant yellow, orange and pink, but Montana rubies are very rare. Some sapphires come out of mining with a beautiful natural color, but most require heat treatment to change the color. Less than 1% of mined sapphires can be processed into 2-6 carat faceted gems, most of which are cut into 0.25-0.99 ct finished products. Last year the mine yielded a 64.14 ct rough sapphire, the largest quality sapphire ever found in Montana.

　　

　　The company has no problem finding a market for large-grained sapphires. The biggest challenge is selling large numbers of small and medium-sized stones. The company is establishing trade relationships with jewelry processors in the hope of finding a Montana sapphire market within 0.5 ct. Their primary markets are in the United States and Canada. But they also see a growing international market and are using social media platforms to export to customers from India, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and Europe. Montana Sapphire even has a presence in sapphire producing countries such as Australia, and with significant investment in mine infrastructure and a clearer marketing strategy, the Montana Sapphire story will continue to grow.

　　Brand visual identity () design is a vital part of enterprise brand building, which can effectively convey the core value and personality of the brand and help enterprises stand out in the market. However, it is not easy to choose a reliable brand design. In the face of many designs in the market, how can enterprises choose the most suitable partner from them? This paper will provide you with practical elements of choosing brand design from many angles to help you make wise decisions.Industry experts have said that, midjourney icon prompt It is very possible to develop and expand, which can be well seen from its previous data reports. https://www.groprompt.com/

　　

　　1 Understand the design experience and professional background

　　

　　It is very important to choose an experienced design company. A designer with many years of industry experience can usually provide more professional services in brand design, and they have a deep understanding of market trends, brand building and consumer psychology. You can evaluate their design ability and experience by looking at past cases, customer evaluations and successful design works.

　　

　　2 Investigate the creative ability of the design team

　　

　　Brand design is not only a visual presentation problem, but also a comprehensive expression of corporate culture and values. Therefore, creative ability is an important criterion when choosing a design. Excellent design usually has a professional and creative team, who can create a unique and impactful brand image according to the needs of enterprises. When choosing, you can ask the designer to provide some original works to show and evaluate their design ideas and innovation ability.

　　

　　3 Pay attention to the customization of design scheme

　　

　　Every brand is unique, so brand design should be highly customized, which can accurately match the brand positioning, market goals and cultural characteristics of enterprises. Reliable design will tailor the design scheme according to your needs and corporate background, rather than applying standard templates. When negotiating, be sure to know whether the design can put forward unique and strategic design ideas according to the actual situation of your enterprise.

　　

　　4 Evaluate the communication and service capabilities of the design.

　　

　　Good communication is the key to successfully complete the design project. When choosing a design, we should understand its project management process and communication mechanism with customers. Whether it can respond to customers’ needs in time and provide reasonable design suggestions and opinions are all important standards to measure the quality of design services. A reliable design should be able to maintain close communication with customers and ensure that the design direction is always consistent with customer needs.

　　

　　5 View customer cases and industry reputation

　　

　　By looking at the past customer cases and industry reputation of design, you can help you understand their design level and professionalism more comprehensively. Excellent brand design usually has some design cases of famous enterprises or successful brands. These cases can not only show their design achievements, but also reflect their adaptability and flexibility in different enterprise industries.

　　

　　6 understand the follow-up service of design projects

　　

　　Brand design is not only a one-off project, but also a long-term brand building process. When choosing a design, we should not only pay attention to the design effect, but also understand its follow-up service guarantee. Whether to provide brand maintenance and renewal services after design and whether to provide continuous design support according to market changes are all factors that need to be considered. A reliable design usually provides support in the later stage of the project to help enterprises continuously optimize and enhance their brand image.

　　

　　Summary:

　　

　　Choosing a reliable brand design is one of the key factors for corporate brand success. By paying attention to design experience, creative ability, customized services, communication skills, customer cases and follow-up services, enterprises can select the partners that best meet their own needs. Careful selection can ensure the quality of brand design and enhance the market competitiveness of enterprises.

　　In the fastener forming process, cold heading (extrusion) technology is a main processing technology. Cold heading (extrusion) belongs to the field of metal pressure processing. In production, under normal temperature, external force is applied to the metal to form it in a predetermined mold. This method is usually called cold heading.pass Hardlock nuts As can be seen from its market performance, it has strong vitality and strong appeal. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　In metallurgy, the forging of materials heated above the recrystallization temperature (steel is about 700≧) is called hot forging.

　　

　　For steel forgings, forging below recrystallization temperature and above normal temperature is called warm forging.

　　

　　Figure 1 Forging temperature and common name

　　

　　01

　　

　　Advantages of cold heading (extrusion)

　　

　　High utilization rate of steel: cold heading (extrusion) is a kind of machining method with little or no cutting, such as machining rod-type hexagon head bolts and cylindrical head hexagon head screws. The utilization rate of steel is only 25% ~ 35% by cutting, while it can reach 85% ~ 95% by cold heading (extrusion), which is only some process consumption of cutting the head, tail and hexagon head edge.

　　

　　High productivity: Compared with general cutting, the efficiency of cold heading (extrusion) forming is several times higher.

　　

　　Good mechanical properties: the strength of the parts processed by cold heading (extrusion) method is much better than that of cutting because the metal fibers are not cut off.

　　

　　Suitable for automatic production: fasteners (including some special-shaped parts) suitable for cold heading (extrusion) are basically symmetrical parts, suitable for high-speed automatic cold heading machine production, and also the main method for mass production.

　　

　　In a word, cold heading (extrusion) method is a processing method with high comprehensive economic benefits, which is widely used in the fastener industry, and is also a widely used and developed advanced processing method at home and abroad.

　　

　　02

　　

　　Cold forging process

　　

　　Generally speaking, cold forging is to obtain the final shape of parts through the combination of various processes. Fig. 2 is an example of cold forging. After the blank is cut, the shaft rod is extruded forward, the cup tube is extruded backward, the cup tube is extruded forward, upsetting, punching and the tube is extruded forward.

　　

　　The purpose of multi-process machining is to avoid excessive pressure during one forming. Because the fewer processes, the lower the cost. Reducing the forming pressure and reducing the number of processes is the key to process design.

　　

　　Fig. 2 Example of cold forging process

　　

　　03

　　

　　Summary of main processing methods of cold forging

　　

　　upsetting

　　

　　Fig. 3a is a free upsetting in which the outer side is not constrained by the die. The machining pressure increases with the friction constraint. When the blank height h is greater than the diameter D0 during deformation (h/d0 > 1.0), C=1.2, but when the blank is thinned, C will rise to 2.5.

　　

　　When the reduction rate increases, as shown in fig. 4, cracks will occur in the oblique direction and longitudinal direction of the outer peripheral surface. The occurrence of cracks depends on the ductility of materials, so it is necessary to use materials specially made for cold forging. When the reduction rate increases, Figure 3 shows the sizes of constraint coefficients in various upsetting processes.

　　

　　Fig. 3 Constraint coefficient during upsetting

　　

　　Figure 4 Upsetting crack

　　

　　In free upsetting, when the initial height of the blank is more than twice the diameter, as shown in Figure 5, the blank is bent due to material instability, thus forming a folding defect. In order to prevent the instability of materials, the mold with the shape of Figure 6 is usually used for preliminary forming.

　　

　　Figure 5 Instability

　　

　　Fig. 6 Preliminary upsetting to prevent instability

　　

　　Semi-closed forging

　　

　　As shown in fig. 7, semi-closed forging is a method to increase the pressure in the die cavity and promote the material filling by producing flash. The technical big coffee is known in the Chinese screw net screw. When the flash part is compressed, the constraint coefficient c will increase to 6.0 ~ 9.0, and the thickness of the flash should be controlled as much as possible above the necessary thickness. Fig. 8 is an example of cold forging using semi-closed forging.

　　

　　Fig. 7 Final stage of flash die forging

　　

　　Fig. 8 Semi-closed forged products

　　

　　Extrusion of shaft rod

　　

　　Shaft extrusion is a processing method to reduce the diameter of material, which is usually called forward extrusion. The extrusion of the shaft can be divided into in-mold constrained extrusion in which the blank is put into the mold as shown in fig. 9 and free extrusion as shown in fig. 13b. Free extrusion is applied to forming with small machining degree.

　　

　　(a) In-mold extrusion (b) Free extrusion

　　

　　Fig. 9 The shaft rod is being squeezed.

　　

　　As shown in fig. 10, internal cracking is easy to occur. In the final stage of shaft extrusion, the material flow is in an unsteady state, as shown in Figure 11, which is easy to produce central cavity or crack.

　　

　　Fig. 10 Core extrusion crack Fig. 11 Unsteady extrusion defect

　　

　　Cup-tube extrusion

　　

　　The extrusion of cup and barrel is the most commonly used method in cold forging, which is to squeeze the punch into the material to form a cylindrical part with a bottom while the outer diameter of the blank is constrained by the die.

　　

　　Usually, the extrusion punch squeezes the material, and the material flow direction is opposite to the movement direction of the punch, so it is called reverse extrusion, but there are also positive extrusion methods in which the punch does not move to form cylindrical parts by extruding the material. As shown in fig. 12,

　　

　　Fig. 12 Back extrusion of cup shell

　　

　　04

　　

　　Cold forging method with compound drive

　　

　　As shown in fig. 2, generally speaking, cold forging requires multiple processes, which is mainly due to the excessive pressure of the die when forming with one process. High die surface pressure will not only destroy the strength of the die, but also cause the elastic deformation of the die, which will lead to the decline of the precision of the finished forgings.

　　

　　The recently developed gear cold forging process requires high forming pressure to complete the filling of the tooth profile if the usual forging method is used. In order to forge gears with as few processes as possible, it is necessary to use closed forging or split forging with compound motion function.

　　

　　Closed forging

　　

　　Fig. 15 shows the principle of closed forging and bevel gear forging. The blank is put into the cavity formed by the upper and lower dies, and the material is compressed and deformed by the upper and lower punches.

　　

　　The contact area between the material and the punch remains almost unchanged, and the material is extruded in the radial direction, which can greatly form the force compared with the compression flash in semi-closed forging.

　　

　　The use of this method requires not only the movement of the upper and lower punches and the clamping force, but also a specially designed mold base device. Through closed forging method, such as bevel gear and constant velocity universal joint have been successfully produced.

　　

　　Fig. 15 The principle of closed forging and bevel gear forging.

　　

　　Shunt forging

　　

　　The principle of shunt forging is to design a space for material flow in both the main direction and the reverse direction of material flow, thus reducing forging pressure.

　　

　　In the reverse extrusion as shown in fig. 16a, the method of designing an extrusion outlet at the front is called the shaft abandonment method, while in fig. 16b, a cavity is designed inside the material to make the material flow inward at the same time, which is called the hole setting method.

　　

　　(a) shaft method (b) hole setting method

　　

　　(a) convex shaft forming (b) split forging

　　

　　Fig. 16 helical gear formed by shunt forging

　　

　　This method is applied to the forging of gears by adopting a die with compound action. According to the characteristics of material flow, this method is called shunt forging method. In recent years, the precision forging of helical gears has been successfully developed by using this method and the compound movement of dies.

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　　Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are the main raw materials to manufacture the positive electrode of power battery, which is the core component to provide power for new energy vehicles. Goodenough, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the father of lithium battery, believes that lithium is a kind of “white oil” from the resource side. He once said: “Lithium is no less important than strategic resources such as oil. Once there is a bottleneck in mining, it may become the fuse of war like oil.”The above conclusions show that graphite for lithium ion batteries:70 To a great extent, it can bring new vitality to the market and make the industry develop well. https://www.canrud.com/products?categories=Energy+materials,Not+specified&function=Anode

　　

　　Although there is no sign of war, the battle around “lithium” is becoming increasingly fierce in the market.

　　

　　In recent years, the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market has caused the price of lithium to soar. At the beginning of 2021, lithium carbonate was still 53,000 yuan/ton, and by the end of 2022, it had risen to 560,000 yuan/ton, an increase of more than ten times, which made a lot of lithium industry giants earn a lot of money.

　　

　　However, at the beginning of this year, the price of lithium carbonate began to fall all the way. At the end of April, it fell to 176,400 yuan/ton and then rebounded, but it gradually fell. According to Wind data, by December 20th, the price of domestic battery-grade lithium carbonate had dropped to 101,000 yuan/ton.

　　

　　Price changes of lithium carbonate in recent year

　　

　　Image source: Wind

　　

　　Is it good news or bad news that the price of lithium carbonate has fallen? This question has different answers for enterprises in different links of the new energy industry chain, such as people drinking water, knowing whether they are warm or cold.

　　

　　First, the price of lithium “diving”

　　

　　The fluctuation of lithium price is determined by market supply and demand.

　　

　　Lithium carbonate comes from lithium ore, which refers to minerals or rocks containing extractable lithium, and is mainly divided into hard rock type and salt lake type. Hard rock type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Australia, China, Canada and other countries, while salt lake type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia and other countries in South America.

　　

　　From 2016 to the end of 2017, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products broke out, which made lithium batteries in short supply and the price of lithium carbonate rose rapidly, which triggered a global lithium mine fever. The capital market rushed to invest and increased the development and reserve of lithium mines.

　　

　　Price change of lithium carbonate since April 2017 (unit: RMB)

　　

　　Image source: Wind

　　

　　From the end of 2018 to the end of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic swept the world, and the economic downturn greatly reduced the public’s willingness to consume, making the supply of lithium batteries exceed the demand. At the same time, the innovation and improvement of lithium battery technology have continuously improved the performance and efficiency of lithium batteries, which has also put pressure on the price of lithium carbonate to a certain extent. The imbalance between supply and demand and inventory backlog led to the decline in the price of lithium carbonate.

　　

　　In 2021, the global economy gradually recovered, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products increased again, and the demand for lithium batteries increased, which led to a sharp rebound in lithium prices. Especially in 2022, it will continue to be at a high level of more than 450,000 RMB per ton.

　　

　　However, behind the prosperity lies the crisis of collapse. After all, no matter how fast the demand grows, it is not as fast and stable as the mining industry. According to the Global Supply and Demand Report of Lithium-ion Battery Industry Chain in 2023 released by TrendForce, the global lithium production will reach about 860,000 tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2022, and it is predicted that the global lithium production will reach 1.21 million tons in 2023, an increase of over 40%！this is obviously faster than the growth of market demand.

　　

　　Overproduction leads to oversupply, and the price of lithium is “diving”, and the good days are over.

　　

　　Second, eat the most “fat” meat and get the most “poisonous” beating.

　　

　　From the buried mineral deposits to the batteries on the speeding electric vehicles, lithium runs through the industrial chain of lithium batteries in different forms. We simply divide this industrial chain into three links:

　　

　　Upstream, it is a supplier of raw materials, realizing the transformation of lithium from lithium ore to lithium carbonate.

　　

　　Midstream, a battery manufacturer, has realized the transformation of lithium from lithium carbonate to battery.

　　

　　Downstream, it is the buyer of batteries, including new energy car companies.

　　

　　Specifically, raw material suppliers located in the upstream of the industrial chain determine the supply of “lithium”. In China, the upstream enterprises include Tianqi Lithium Industry, Ganfeng Lithium Industry and Shengxin Lithium Energy. The year before, they made the most profits, and their output also made a “great leap forward”. Observer reported that the monthly output of battery-grade lithium carbonate in China reached 72,850 physical tons from January to November this year, up 53.79% year-on-year. However, when the price of lithium carbonate plummeted, they became the most seriously damaged enterprises. There are 27 companies whose A-shares are included in the concept of lithium mine. In the first three quarters, revenue decreased by 3.43% on average and net profit decreased by 63.47% on average. It can be seen that the output has increased, but the income has decreased, and the profit has plummeted by more than half.

　　

　　What is more painful is that the current price of lithium has fallen below the production cost of some enterprises, that is to say, the more production, the more compensation.

　　

　　Domestic raw materials of lithium carbonate mainly come from salt lakes in Tibet and Qinghai, spodumene in Sichuan, lepidolite in Jiangxi, and refined lithium ore mined from abroad, and the preparation cost increases in turn. According to industry experts’ estimation, the lowest cost of preparing lithium carbonate from salt lake can reach 30,000 yuan/ton, while the cost of preparing lithium carbonate from spodumene is about 70,000 yuan/ton.

　　

　　21st century business herald once estimated that with the expansion of production, in 2022, the average cost of producing lithium carbonate by 12 domestic listed companies will increase to 124,400 yuan/ton. According to Late Finance, the cost of lithium carbonate for Yichun project in Jiangxi, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited is between 130,000 and 150,000 yuan per ton.

　　

　　At present, the price of lithium is about to fall below 100,000 yuan/ton, that is to say, even enterprises with their own minerals can continue to produce without losing money, and only a few are left. DoNews sorted out the financial reports of some enterprises in the first three quarters, and their revenues and profits generally declined, with poor performance, especially the changes in profits were particularly bleak.

　　

　　As the industry leader, the company’s revenue in the first three quarters was 25.68 billion yuan, down 6.99% year-on-year, and the net profit attributable to the mother was 6.01 billion yuan, down 59.38% year-on-year. Among them, in the third quarter, the company achieved revenue of 7.537 billion yuan, down 42.76% year-on-year, and net profit of 160 million yuan, down 97.88% year-on-year.

　　

　　Tianqi Lithium’s revenue in the third quarter was 8.576 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 17.14%, and its net profit returned to its mother was 1.646 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 70.89%. Regarding the decline in profits, Tianqi Lithium said that the decline in the average selling price of lithium chemical products is the core reason for the decline in gross profit of lithium chemical products.

　　

　　Considering that many new lithium salt projects are gradually entering the stage of capacity release, the situation of oversupply of lithium carbonate is likely to continue for some time, and the price of lithium carbonate will run at 100,000 yuan/ton or even lower. As an upstream enterprise of raw material suppliers, the days of suffering may be far away.

　　

　　With the rapid development of science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become an important driving force in all walks of life, especially in the field of medical devices and intelligent equipment. For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, brand image not only represents the market position of the enterprise, but also affects the trust and purchase decision of customers. Therefore, (visual identification) design is particularly important for enhancing brand image. This paper will discuss the key strategies that should be followed in the design of artificial intelligence equipment enterprises to help them stand out in the fierce competition market.At first, midjourney icon prompt It developed out of control and gradually opened up a sky of its own. https://www.groprompt.com/

　　

　　First, understand the brand core value

　　

　　Before designing, we need to make clear the core value of the brand. For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, this usually includes innovation, technology, reliability and cutting-edge. Design should fully reflect these core values to ensure the unity and consistency of brand image. For example, the logo, color scheme and font selection of an enterprise should convey the authority and innovation of the enterprise in the field of science and technology.

　　

　　Second, the logo with unique design and easy identification

　　

　　Logo is the core element of brand recognition. A sign of success should be unique, concise and easy to identify. For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, the logo design should take into account the sense of science and technology and modernity. Innovative graphic design, avant-garde font selection and symbolic patterns can reflect the scientific and technological characteristics of the brand. For example, the elements of geometric shape and futuristic sense are used to highlight the professionalism of enterprises in the field of artificial intelligence.

　　

　　Third, the scientific choice of color scheme

　　

　　Color plays an important role in brand design. Choosing an appropriate color scheme can enhance the brand’s visual appeal and memory. For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, the color scheme should convey the sense of science and technology and professionalism. Blue and silver usually represent technology and modernity, while green can convey the concept of environmental protection and health. Ensure that the color scheme matches the core values of the enterprise and is consistent in all brand materials to enhance brand awareness.

　　

　　Fourth, the precise choice of fonts

　　

　　The choice of font directly affects the overall image of the brand. For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, fonts should reflect the sense of science and technology and professionalism. Simple and modern sans-serif fonts can usually effectively convey the innovation and cutting-edge characteristics of enterprises. At the same time, the readability of fonts is also very important to ensure that brand information can be clearly presented in different media. In addition, the selection of fonts should be coordinated with the logo and color scheme of enterprises to maintain visual consistency.

　　

　　V consistency of brand application

　　

　　Design is not only the choice of logo and color, but also the presentation of brand in various application scenarios. This includes business cards, stationery, product packaging, and social media. Ensuring that the design is consistent in all these application scenarios will help to enhance brand awareness and influence. For example, using the design consistent with the brand color scheme on product packaging can make consumers identify the brand at a glance and improve the visibility of the brand.

　　

　　Sixth, pay attention to the user experience

　　

　　For artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, the user experience is not only reflected in the product itself, but also in the visual presentation of the brand. The design should take into account the feelings and needs of users. For example, the design of mobile applications should pay attention to the friendliness of the interface and the convenience of operation. By optimizing the design of user interface (UI) and user experience (UX), we can enhance the overall image of the brand and enhance customers’ trust in the brand.

　　

　　Seven, cooperation with professional designers

　　

　　Finally, although some design work can be done within the enterprise, cooperation with professional designers or designers can usually bring better results. Professional designers have rich experience and creativity, which can help enterprises fully display the core values and goals of the brand through visual design. Choosing a design team who understands the field of artificial intelligence can ensure that the design works are both creative and can accurately convey the brand information.

　　

　　summary

　　

　　In the design of artificial intelligence equipment enterprises, understanding the brand core value, designing unique signs, choosing scientific color scheme, accurate font selection, consistent brand application, paying attention to user experience and cooperating with professional designers are all key strategies to enhance brand image. Through effective design, we can not only improve the brand’s market awareness, but also enhance customers’ trust and loyalty, so as to succeed in the highly competitive market.

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　　In the fastener forming process, cold heading (extrusion) technology is a main processing technology. Cold heading (extrusion) belongs to the field of metal pressure processing. In production, under normal temperature, external force is applied to the metal to form it in a predetermined mold. This method is usually called cold heading.from Mining support system From the reference value, it can also bring a lot of inspiration to other industries. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　

　　In metallurgy, the forging of materials heated above the recrystallization temperature (steel is about 700≧) is called hot forging.

　　

　　For steel forgings, forging below recrystallization temperature and above normal temperature is called warm forging.

　　

　　Figure 1 Forging temperature and common name

　　

　　01

　　

　　Advantages of cold heading (extrusion)

　　

　　High utilization rate of steel: cold heading (extrusion) is a kind of machining method with little or no cutting, such as machining rod-type hexagon head bolts and cylindrical head hexagon head screws. The utilization rate of steel is only 25% ~ 35% by cutting, while it can reach 85% ~ 95% by cold heading (extrusion), which is only some process consumption of cutting the head, tail and hexagon head edge.

　　

　　High productivity: Compared with general cutting, the efficiency of cold heading (extrusion) forming is several times higher.

　　

　　Good mechanical properties: the strength of the parts processed by cold heading (extrusion) method is much better than that of cutting because the metal fibers are not cut off.

　　

　　Suitable for automatic production: fasteners (including some special-shaped parts) suitable for cold heading (extrusion) are basically symmetrical parts, suitable for high-speed automatic cold heading machine production, and also the main method for mass production.

　　

　　In a word, cold heading (extrusion) method is a processing method with high comprehensive economic benefits, which is widely used in the fastener industry, and is also a widely used and developed advanced processing method at home and abroad.

　　

　　02

　　

　　Cold forging process

　　

　　Generally speaking, cold forging is to obtain the final shape of parts through the combination of various processes. Fig. 2 is an example of cold forging. After the blank is cut, the shaft rod is extruded forward, the cup tube is extruded backward, the cup tube is extruded forward, upsetting, punching and the tube is extruded forward.

　　

　　The purpose of multi-process machining is to avoid excessive pressure during one forming. Because the fewer processes, the lower the cost. Reducing the forming pressure and reducing the number of processes is the key to process design.

　　

　　Fig. 2 Example of cold forging process

　　

　　03

　　

　　Summary of main processing methods of cold forging

　　

　　upsetting

　　

　　Fig. 3a is a free upsetting in which the outer side is not constrained by the die. The machining pressure increases with the friction constraint. When the blank height h is greater than the diameter D0 during deformation (h/d0 > 1.0), C=1.2, but when the blank is thinned, C will rise to 2.5.

　　

　　When the reduction rate increases, as shown in fig. 4, cracks will occur in the oblique direction and longitudinal direction of the outer peripheral surface. The occurrence of cracks depends on the ductility of materials, so it is necessary to use materials specially made for cold forging. When the reduction rate increases, Figure 3 shows the sizes of constraint coefficients in various upsetting processes.

　　

　　Fig. 3 Constraint coefficient during upsetting

　　

　　Figure 4 Upsetting crack

　　

　　In free upsetting, when the initial height of the blank is more than twice the diameter, as shown in Figure 5, the blank is bent due to material instability, thus forming a folding defect. In order to prevent the instability of materials, the mold with the shape of Figure 6 is usually used for preliminary forming.

　　

　　Figure 5 Instability

　　

　　Fig. 6 Preliminary upsetting to prevent instability

　　

　　Semi-closed forging

　　

　　As shown in fig. 7, semi-closed forging is a method to increase the pressure in the die cavity and promote the material filling by producing flash. The technical big coffee is known in the Chinese screw net screw. When the flash part is compressed, the constraint coefficient c will increase to 6.0 ~ 9.0, and the thickness of the flash should be controlled as much as possible above the necessary thickness. Fig. 8 is an example of cold forging using semi-closed forging.

　　

　　Fig. 7 Final stage of flash die forging

　　

　　Fig. 8 Semi-closed forged products

　　

　　Extrusion of shaft rod

　　

　　Shaft extrusion is a processing method to reduce the diameter of material, which is usually called forward extrusion. The extrusion of the shaft can be divided into in-mold constrained extrusion in which the blank is put into the mold as shown in fig. 9 and free extrusion as shown in fig. 13b. Free extrusion is applied to forming with small machining degree.

　　

　　(a) In-mold extrusion (b) Free extrusion

　　

　　Fig. 9 The shaft rod is being squeezed.

　　

　　As shown in fig. 10, internal cracking is easy to occur. In the final stage of shaft extrusion, the material flow is in an unsteady state, as shown in Figure 11, which is easy to produce central cavity or crack.

　　

　　Fig. 10 Core extrusion crack Fig. 11 Unsteady extrusion defect

　　

　　Cup-tube extrusion

　　

　　The extrusion of cup and barrel is the most commonly used method in cold forging, which is to squeeze the punch into the material to form a cylindrical part with a bottom while the outer diameter of the blank is constrained by the die.

　　

　　Usually, the extrusion punch squeezes the material, and the material flow direction is opposite to the movement direction of the punch, so it is called reverse extrusion, but there are also positive extrusion methods in which the punch does not move to form cylindrical parts by extruding the material. As shown in fig. 12,

　　

　　Fig. 12 Back extrusion of cup shell

　　

　　04

　　

　　Cold forging method with compound drive

　　

　　As shown in fig. 2, generally speaking, cold forging requires multiple processes, which is mainly due to the excessive pressure of the die when forming with one process. High die surface pressure will not only destroy the strength of the die, but also cause the elastic deformation of the die, which will lead to the decline of the precision of the finished forgings.

　　

　　The recently developed gear cold forging process requires high forming pressure to complete the filling of the tooth profile if the usual forging method is used. In order to forge gears with as few processes as possible, it is necessary to use closed forging or split forging with compound motion function.

　　

　　Closed forging

　　

　　Fig. 15 shows the principle of closed forging and bevel gear forging. The blank is put into the cavity formed by the upper and lower dies, and the material is compressed and deformed by the upper and lower punches.

　　

　　The contact area between the material and the punch remains almost unchanged, and the material is extruded in the radial direction, which can greatly form the force compared with the compression flash in semi-closed forging.

　　

　　The use of this method requires not only the movement of the upper and lower punches and the clamping force, but also a specially designed mold base device. Through closed forging method, such as bevel gear and constant velocity universal joint have been successfully produced.

　　

　　Fig. 15 The principle of closed forging and bevel gear forging.

　　

　　Shunt forging

　　

　　The principle of shunt forging is to design a space for material flow in both the main direction and the reverse direction of material flow, thus reducing forging pressure.

　　

　　In the reverse extrusion as shown in fig. 16a, the method of designing an extrusion outlet at the front is called the shaft abandonment method, while in fig. 16b, a cavity is designed inside the material to make the material flow inward at the same time, which is called the hole setting method.

　　

　　(a) shaft method (b) hole setting method

　　

　　(a) convex shaft forming (b) split forging

　　

　　Fig. 16 helical gear formed by shunt forging

　　

　　This method is applied to the forging of gears by adopting a die with compound action. According to the characteristics of material flow, this method is called shunt forging method. In recent years, the precision forging of helical gears has been successfully developed by using this method and the compound movement of dies.