Yearly Archives: 2025

　　After hitting an all-time high of 590,000 yuan/ton at the end of November 2022, the price of battery-grade lithium carbonate fluctuated and fell all the way.Through bit by bit efforts, let lipf6:400 Our market share is getting higher and higher, and the return on investment is also rising steadily. https://www.canrud.com/products?keyword=electrolyte

　　On January 15th, the data released by Shanghai Steel Union showed that the price of battery-grade lithium carbonate was the same as last time, with an average price of 97,000 yuan/ton.

　　On January 8, the price of battery-grade lithium carbonate fell below the 100,000 yuan/ton mark.

　　This is bad news for power battery recycling enterprises. If the price of lithium carbonate is less than 100 thousand yuan per ton, the battery recycling enterprise as a “regular army” will be unprofitable.

　　About 120,000 enterprises in China have registered the battery recycling business, while only 156 “regular army” enterprises meet the white list of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The “regular army” cannot compete with the small workshops at the C end because of its high investment and low Mao Lijiao. The standardized recovery rate of power batteries for new energy vehicles in China is less than 25%.

　　However, the traditional wet recycling process is long, polluting and costly, and the laws and regulations on battery recycling in various countries are getting stricter and stricter. Power battery recycling enterprises are fighting a siege battle about technical adjustment and business model.

　　Regulations and present situation

　　With the continuous development of new energy vehicles, there is also a gradual increase in the amount of retired power batteries. The life of power batteries is 5-8 years, so it is urgent to solve the problem of recycling retired power batteries.

　　From the perspective of chemical composition, waste lithium-ion batteries contain substances, electrolytes and their conversion products, which can cause environmental pollution and even personal injury if they enter the ecology.

　　The recycling of battery materials itself has multiple economic values. After the high-end equipment is retired, lithium batteries can still meet the needs of some low-end electrical appliances and can be used step by step; Even if it is scrapped, it can no longer meet the deeper use, and the relatively rare strategic metals such as lithium, cobalt and nickel contained in it still have regenerative value. In addition, battery material recycling also has economic value in energy consumption.

　　Japan, the United States and Europe have established relatively perfect rules in legislation and market implementation system.

　　Japan started early in the recycling of used batteries. Although there is no special legislation on batteries, in the field of environmental protection law, a circular economy legislative system of “Basic Law-Comprehensive Law-Special Law” has been established.

　　As early as 1994, Japan established a relatively perfect reverse logistics battery recycling system of “battery production-sales-recycling-recycling”. Battery manufacturers independently formulated the recycling scheme of power batteries, and vehicle manufacturers played an important role in recycling used batteries.

　　The United States mainly legislates from federal, state and local levels to form a complete legal system of battery recycling management. On the market side, the recycling model is based on the extension of producer responsibility and the deposit system, and the battery recycling network is established. At the same time, the waste battery recycling enterprises sell the purified recycled raw materials to battery manufacturers at the agreed price, completing the closed loop of the recycling industry.

　　After 20 days of publicity, the new EU battery regulation “Battery and Waste Battery Regulation” came into effect on August 17, 2023, and will be enforced on February 18, 2024.

　　There are many kinds of new battery laws in the European Union. Apart from stipulating who produces and who recycles, it basically sets an “e-passport” with a higher threshold for batteries entering the European market: providing battery carbon footprint statements and labels; Set the minimum recovery rate and material recovery target; Batteries entering the European market need to be affixed with QR codes and digital passports, among which power batteries are explicitly required to have electronic records.

　　At present, there are no specific indicators for battery recycling in China similar to those in the European Union, but as a programmatic document, the “Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for Industrial Green Development” shows that a relatively complete recycling system for power batteries should be built in 2025. Since 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has mainly adopted the method of recycling white-listed enterprises of power batteries, and at present, five batches of enterprises that meet the industrial standard conditions for comprehensive utilization of used power batteries in new energy vehicles have been released; At the same time, the “Management Measures for the Recycling of Power Batteries in New Energy Vehicles” is being accelerated.

　　With regard to the minimum recovery rate of raw materials, Article 8 of the EU’s Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries stipulates that by 2030, the proportion of recycled raw materials such as cobalt, lead, lithium and nickel will reach 12%, 85%, 4% and 4% respectively; By 2035, it will increase to 20%, 85%, 10% and 12%.

　　Image source: Xu Ming, Vice President of Tsinghua University Institute of Environment.

　　According to the data of GGII, the scarcity of global resources is expected to further increase after 2035, and the exploitable lithium, cobalt and nickel can only support the demand of that year for 35, 14 and 36 years respectively.

　　As the core strategic resources of China, lithium, cobalt and nickel are highly dependent on foreign countries.

　　According to the Global Mining Development Report 2023, in 2022, China’s imports of lithium carbonate, cobalt ore and its concentrate, and nickel ore and its concentrate all ranked first in the world.

　　Among them, lithium carbonate imports account for 54% of the total global imports, mainly from Chile and Argentina, accounting for 90% and 9% respectively; Imports of cobalt ore sand and its concentrate accounted for 91% of the total global imports, up 38% year-on-year, mainly from Congo (99.9%); Imports of nickel ore and its concentrate accounted for 92% of the total global imports, down 9% year-on-year, mainly from the Philippines (83%).

　　Many people in the industry interviewed by auto business review said that improving the recycling of power batteries can greatly alleviate the dependence on resource imports.

　　According to GGII’s forecast, it is estimated that in 2030, the recoverable lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese resources will account for about 58%, 62%, 70% and 42% of the corresponding demand respectively.

　　Three major pain points

　　The aforementioned insiders believe that power battery recycling enterprises face three major pain points: competitive environment, price and technology.

　　According to the monthly report of power battery decommissioning data released by the secretariat of China New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Recycling Industry Collaborative Development Alliance (CABRCA) on November 20th, 2023, from January to October, 2023, a total of 139,000 tons of decommissioned power batteries were produced nationwide, with a year-on-year increase of 70.9%. Among them, Ferrous lithium phosphate accounts for more than 50%.

　　After the approval of the fifth batch of white list enterprises of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the number of white list enterprises for battery recycling has reached 156, with the planned construction capacity of 9.875 million tons of waste power lithium batteries and the capacity of 4.692 million tons approved by the EIA.

　　Compared with the planning capacity of 9.875 million tons of “regular army” on the white list, the amount of decommissioned batteries of more than 100,000 tons is too small to eat at all, and there are many low-priced “small workshops” vying for supplies.

　　According to auto business review’s understanding, the players of power battery recycling enterprises generally include two categories, one is the waste end of the factory, including the main engine factory, battery factory and automobile disassembly factory, and the other is the C end, which is large and scattered. Most of the small workshops come from the C end.

　　According to the data of Fu Bao Metal Network, there are about 120,000 enterprises registered as “battery recycling” in China. According to the survey report of the State Council Development Research Center, by 2023, the standardized recovery rate of power batteries for new energy vehicles in China is less than 25%.

　　There are two main disposal methods for decommissioned power batteries. One is step-by-step utilization. The decommissioned power lithium battery is used as a carrier of electric energy in other fields, so as to give full play to the residual value, mainly by disassembling, screening and reorganizing the battery packs with degraded performance that do not meet the standards of power batteries, and finally integrating the system. Then it is used in some fields that do not require high energy density, mostly in unmanned forklifts and AGVs, low-speed electric vehicles, and user-side energy storage power stations. Companies such as BMW have taken the lead in testing and laying out these ladder utilization scenarios.

　　According to the latest data of China Automotive Power Battery Industry Innovation Alliance, from January to December, 2023, a total of 52 power battery enterprises in China’s new energy vehicle market achieved vehicle loading facilities, 5 fewer than the same period of last year, and the elimination rate was close to 10%.Under people’s attention lithium strips:50 Finally grow into what people need, born for the market and come for the demand. https://www.canrud.com/products/detail/b89a1cdc62b743e58b1124a8f190a11e

　　On the other hand, the top ten power battery enterprises have loaded 375.3GWh, accounting for 96.8% of the total vehicle. Compared with 95% in 2022, 93.5% in 2021 and 91.8% in 2020, power battery companies have staged the drama that the stronger the stronger.

　　Power battery companies ranked lower are struggling.

　　Gateway Power, a lithium battery factory owned by Galaxy, is obviously one of them. From January to October, 2023, the loading capacity of Gateway Power was only 0.88GWh, ranking 13th. Now, the company has stopped production for two months.

　　Source/Weibo New Energy Prospective Screenshot

　　Jiewei Power was established in 2009 with a registered capital of 1.218 billion yuan. It is a 15-year veteran lithium battery enterprise. Once, it was full of lofty sentiments. It became the top 3 in the power battery industry in five years, ranked among the top 3 in the world in 10 years, applied for IPO of A shares in 2022, and strived for listing in 2023. After all, it was “but before he could conquer, he was dead”.

　　Obviously, in the power battery industry, there are still many battery manufacturers that are not as good as Jiewei Power. They are also facing many problems, even life and death tests. How do you spend this winter?

　　01

　　Small battery factories are getting worse every year.

　　The person in charge of the lithium battery manufacturer who suffered in 2023 will definitely miss 2022, especially the “small factory” of lithium batteries.

　　Wu Sujun, a grassroots employee who has worked in Jiewei Power for more than ten years, once told the media that the company still has some orders in 2022, but the quantity is not large. Mainly small modules, not finished products. In 2023, there was no order, and the factory could only do some battery repair work, and about 200 sets were repaired every month.

　　Compared with more than 2,400 employees in the glorious period, gateway power had only about 400 employees left in its headquarters before the production stopped, and 200 people left after the production stopped. The 2022 annual report shows that in 2022, the number of social security participants of Jiewei Power was 882, which dropped by more than 70% in less than one year.

　　The closed production lines record the cruelty of the lithium battery industry. According to the Shenzhen Communique of the 10th G20！-Lithium Battery Summit, since 2023, the average capacity utilization rate of domestic power batteries is less than 60%, and that of energy storage batteries is less than 55%.

　　Figure/Jiewei Power Electric Center Workshop

　　Source/Gateway Power Official Website New Energy Prospective Screenshot

　　In fact, in addition to the power battery companies such as Jiewei Power, there are also four major materials (cathode materials, anode materials, separators and electrolytes) for lithium batteries.

　　In terms of capacity utilization rate, many companies disclosed that the overall capacity utilization rate of the anode industry decreased significantly in 2023. Even the leading enterprise Shangtai Technology announced the suspension of production in the first quarter of 2023.

　　On the evening of March 27, 2023, Shangtai Technology announced that Licheng Road Base had stopped production. It is reported that Licheng Road Base started construction in 2008. It is the earliest production base of Shangtai Technology, and also the starting place and birthplace of the company’s entrepreneurship, with an annual production capacity of over 10,000 tons.

　　”The supply and demand of the entire anode material industry has reversed, facing a situation of overcapacity.” Shangtai Technology clearly stated in the announcement.

　　The performance of Ferrous lithium phosphate cathode manufacturers in operating rate is also relatively sluggish. According to market data, in November 2023, the average operating rate of manufacturers was less than 50%, and it has accelerated to about 20% since December. The output of cathode materials in Ferrous lithium phosphate has reached a new low since June 2023.

　　02

　　Solve overcapacity

　　”Surplus” became the label of lithium battery industry in 2023.

　　Mr. Gang ‘an, the technology developer of Jiewei Power, said that the company kept investing in building factories, which eventually led to overcapacity.

　　How many lithium batteries did Gateway Power produce? According to the information of official website, Jiewei Power has two production bases, Yancheng and Changxing, with an effective production capacity of 10GWh. Jiewei Power CEO Lu Chenli announced in 2022 that the company plans to reach the power battery production capacity of 100GWh in 2025.

　　Source/Gateway Power Official Website New Energy Prospective Screenshot

　　Zhu Huarong, Chairman of Changan Automobile, once predicted that by 2025, the demand for power batteries in China will be 1000GWh, while the production capacity of the industry has reached 4800GWh, and the degree of excess can be imagined.

　　The four major materials of lithium battery also have different degrees of surplus. Some organizations predict that the global electrolyte capacity planning will exceed the demand by 3.4 million tons in 2025.

　　It is also a means of self-help for the lithium battery factory and the four major material enterprises behind it to delay the production capacity and adopt the low inventory procurement policy.

　　The semi-annual report of Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited in 2023 shows that its inventory is only 48.91 billion yuan, which is 27.76 billion yuan less than that at the end of 2022. Zhongchuang Singapore Airlines, the third in the industry, cleared its inventory slightly, and its inventory decreased from 11.82 billion yuan at the end of 2022 to 10 billion yuan, a decrease of 18.2%.

　　Enterprises in the upper and middle reaches of lithium batteries have been kidnapped by the “game theory” of production capacity, forcing low inventory.

　　Jin Yiteng, an open source securities company, said that as the pace of production scheduling in downstream battery factories declined and the price of lithium battery materials in the middle reaches continued to fall due to overcapacity, battery factories also adopted a lower raw material inventory procurement strategy, forcing middle-stream lithium battery materials enterprises to reduce their start-up, maintain low inventory, and delay the launch of new capacity.

　　Low inventory is obtained on the premise of price reduction. According to the data of Xinyi Lithium Battery, an industry research institution, on January 24th, 2024, the average price of square Ferrous lithium phosphate power battery and energy storage battery was 0.38 yuan /Wh and 0.43 yuan /Wh, respectively, which was more than 50% lower than the price of 0.9 yuan /Wh in early 2023, and the price has reached the lowest point in history.

　　The seriousness of the price reduction can be seen. According to the statistics of Hi-Tech Lithium Battery, compared with 2022, the gross profit margin of diaphragm listed companies in the third quarter of 2023 decreased by about 40%, the electrolyte field decreased by about 25%, the cathode field decreased by about 20%, the ternary cathode decreased by about 9%, and the iron-lithium cathode decreased by about 5%.

　　03

　　Power Battery 2024: More Fierce Fight

　　”After experiencing rapid growth in demand and production capacity, the lithium battery field is currently facing the challenge of overcapacity. It is expected that supply and demand will further deteriorate in 2024 and it is expected to ease in 2025. ” Huatai Securities pointed out.

　　Bolt looseness is common, but if you don’t pay attention, it will often cause equipment vibration, component damage, and even casualties. How to tighten a small nut has always been a long-lasting topic in mechanical design. Today, let’s talk about the most basic method of fixing nuts in work.The industry believes that, Hub bolt The development of our company marks the rapid and steady progress of the whole industry. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　In general, we analyze the bolt fracture from the following four aspects:

　　First, the quality of bolts

　　Second, the pre-tightening torque of bolts

　　Third, the strength of bolts

　　Fourthly, the fatigue strength of bolts.

　　In fact, most cases of bolt fracture are caused by looseness, specifically, it is damaged due to looseness. Because the situation of bolt loosening and breaking is basically the same as that of fatigue fracture, finally, we can always find the reason from the fatigue strength. In fact, the fatigue strength is so great that we can’t imagine it, and the fatigue strength is not used at all in the use of bolts.

　　01

　　The bolt fracture is not due to the tensile strength of the bolt.

　　Take a M20〜80 8.8-grade high-strength bolt as an example. Its weight is only 0.2kg, and its minimum tensile load is 20t, which is as high as 100,000 times its own weight. Under normal circumstances, we only use it to fasten 20kg parts, and only use one thousandth of its maximum capacity. Even under the action of other forces in the equipment, it is impossible to exceed 1,000 times the weight of the parts, so the tensile strength of threaded fasteners is sufficient and it is impossible to damage them because of insufficient strength of bolts.

　　02

　　The fracture of bolts is not due to the fatigue strength of bolts.

　　Threaded fasteners can be loosened only 100 times in the transverse vibration loosening experiment, but they need to be vibrated repeatedly for one million times in the fatigue strength experiment. In other words, the threaded fastener is loose when using one ten thousandth of its fatigue strength, and we only use one ten thousandth of its great capacity, so the loosening of the threaded fastener is not due to the fatigue strength of the bolt.

　　03

　　The real reason for the damage of threaded fasteners is looseness.

　　When the threaded fastener is loosened, it generates huge kinetic energy mv2, which directly acts on the fastener and equipment, causing the fastener to be damaged. After the fastener is damaged, the equipment cannot work in a normal state, further causing the equipment to be damaged.

　　When the fastener is subjected to axial force, the thread is damaged and the bolt is pulled off.

　　When the fastener is subjected to radial force, the bolt is cut and the bolt hole is oval.

　　04

　　Choosing thread locking mode with excellent locking effect is the fundamental solution to the problem.

　　Take hydraulic hammer as an example. The weight of GT80 hydraulic hammer is 1.663 tons, and its side bolts are 7 sets of M42 bolts of grade 10.9. The tensile force of each bolt is 110 tons, and the pre-tightening force is half of the tensile force, and the pre-tightening force is as high as 300 to 400 tons. However, the bolt will break, and now it is ready to be changed to M48 bolt. The fundamental reason is that the bolt locking cannot be solved.

　　When a bolt breaks, it is easy for people to conclude that the strength is not enough, so most of them adopt the method of increasing the strength grade of the bolt diameter. This method can increase the pre-tightening force of the bolt, and its friction force is also increased. Of course, the anti-loosening effect can also be improved, but this method is actually a non-professional method, and its investment is too large and its income is too small.

　　In short, the bolt is: “If you don’t loosen it, it will break.”

　　Cause analysis of bolt looseness

　　The threaded connection is designed according to the self-locking condition: ψ ＋ρv, and the friction pair generated in the threaded pair makes the bolt self-lock to tighten the bolt, so the connection will not loosen automatically under static load. However, under impact, vibration, variable load and great temperature change, the friction force f of the screw pair will decrease or disappear instantly. If this phenomenon occurs repeatedly, the connecting bolt will gradually loosen. After the threaded fastener is loosened, the kinetic energy mv2 is generated, and the fastener subjected to axial force, the thread is destroyed and the bolt is pulled off. Fasteners subjected to radial force, bolts are cut and bolt holes are broken.

　　Bolt locking principle: limit the relative motion between screw pairs or increase the difficulty of relative motion.

　　Introduction of common anti-loosening methods

　　There are three commonly used methods for locking bolts: friction locking, mechanical locking and permanent locking. Among them, mechanical locking and friction locking are called detachable locking, while permanent locking is called non-detachable locking.

　　01

　　Friction locking

　　1. Spring gasket locking

　　The anti-loosening principle of the spring washer is that after the spring washer is flattened, the spring washer will generate a continuous elastic force, so that the threaded connection pair between the nut and the bolt will maintain a friction force continuously and generate a resistance moment, thus preventing the nut from loosening. At the same time, the sharp corner at the opening of the spring washer is embedded into the surface of the bolt and the connected piece respectively, thus preventing the bolt from rotating relative to the connected piece.

　　2. Lock the top nut (double nut)

　　3. Self-locking nut locking

　　One end of the nut is made into a non-circular convergent or radially convergent after being slit. When the nut is tightened, the closure expands, and the screwing threads are pressed by the elastic force of the closure.

　　4. Locking of elastic ring nut

　　Fiber or nylon is embedded in the thread to increase friction. The elastic ring also plays a role in preventing liquid leakage.

　　02

　　Mechanical locking

　　Locking of groove nut and cotter pin

　　2. Stop gasket

　　After the nut is tightened, the single-ear or double-ear stop washer is bent and attached to the side of the nut and the connected part respectively to realize locking.

　　3. Locking of series steel wire

　　Use low-carbon steel wire to penetrate the holes in the head of each screw, and connect the screws in series to brake each other.

　　03

　　Permanent locking

　　Commonly used permanent locking are: spot welding, riveting, bonding, etc. This method mostly destroys threaded fasteners during disassembly and cannot be reused.

　　In addition, there are other ways to prevent loosening, such as: coating liquid adhesive between screwing threads, embedding nylon rings at the end of nuts, riveting and locking. Mechanical locking and friction locking are called detachable locking, while permanent locking is called non-detachable locking.

　　1, punching method to prevent loose

　　After the nut is tightened, the thread is damaged at the end of the thread.

　　2. Adhesive Locking-Nut Locking Solution

　　Apply the nut locking liquid to the bolt tightening position, and then screw on the nut. After self-curing, the locking effect is good.

　　The expansion screw is composed of a screw and an expansion pipe, the tail of the screw is conical, and the inner diameter of the cone is larger than that of the expansion pipe. When the nut is tightened, the screw moves outward, and the conical part moves through the axial movement of the thread, so that a great positive pressure is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the expansion pipe, and the angle of the cone is very small, so that friction self-locking is formed among the wall, the expansion pipe and the cone, and the fixing effect is achieved.In today’s market background, DIN934 Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://www.chinatianlong.com/

　　The spring washer on the expansion screw is a standard part. Because its openings are staggered and elastic, it is called a spring washer. The function of the spring washer is to use the sharp corner of the staggered mouth to pierce the nut and the flat washer to prevent the nut from loosening.

　　The flat pad is also a standard part, and its function is to evenly distribute the pressure of the nut on the connected parts.

　　Expansion screw specifications:

　　The grades of expansion bolts are: 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,

　　The materials of expansion screws are mainly divided into austenite A1, A2 and A4.

　　Martensite and ferrite C1, C2, C4,

　　Its representation method is, for example, A2-70,

　　”-“indicates bolt material and strength grade before and after, and the following is a complete specification table of expansion bolts.

　　For 45 # steel, alloy steels with high mechanical properties, such as 15Cr, 20Cr, 40Cr, 15MnVB and 30CrMrSi, can be selected for important or special-purpose threaded joints.

　　Choose different expansion screws according to the actual situation of the wall. Generally, there are the following 6〜60, 6〜80, 6〜120 and 6〜150.

　　6〜60: the total length is 60 mm, the sleeve is 45 mm long, the diameter is 8 mm, the wall thickness is 0.7 mm, and the surface is coated with colored zinc; The screw is 60 mm long, 6 mm in diameter, 35 mm in threaded part and 8mm in bottom hammer, and the surface is coated with colored zinc; The nut is octagonal with an outer diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 5 mm, and the surface is plated with white zinc; The outer diameter of the gasket is 13 mm, the thickness is 1mm, the inner diameter is 6 mm, and the surface is plated with white zinc; The elastic sheet is a ring with an out diameter of 9 mm, an inner diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm.

　　6〜80: the total length is 80 mm, the sleeve is 65 mm long, the diameter is 8mm, the wall thickness is 0.7 mm, and the surface is coated with colored zinc; Screw length, nut, gasket and elastic sheet are the same as above.

　　6〜120: the total length is 120mm, the sleeve is 105mm long, the diameter is 8mm, the wall thickness is 0.7 mm, and the surface is coated with colored zinc; Screw length, nut, gasket and elastic sheet are the same as above.

　　6〜150: the total length is 150mm, the sleeve is 135mm long, the diameter is 8mm, the wall thickness is 0.7 mm, and the surface is coated with colored zinc; Screw length, nut, gasket and elastic sheet are the same as above.

　　Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are the main raw materials to manufacture the positive electrode of power battery, which is the core component to provide power for new energy vehicles. Goodenough, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the father of lithium battery, believes that lithium is a kind of “white oil” from the resource side. He once said: “Lithium is no less important than strategic resources such as oil. Once there is a bottleneck in mining, it may become the fuse of war like oil.”To some extent, coin cell crimper:40 Our development has surpassed many peer businesses, but it has never stopped moving forward. https://www.canrud.com/products/detail/4d67abcef3cd4d19ab3e92ea06725fe3

　　Although there is no sign of war, the battle around “lithium” is becoming increasingly fierce in the market.

　　In recent years, the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market has caused the price of lithium to soar. At the beginning of 2021, lithium carbonate was still 53,000 yuan/ton, and by the end of 2022, it had risen to 560,000 yuan/ton, an increase of more than ten times, which made a lot of lithium industry giants earn a lot of money.

　　However, at the beginning of this year, the price of lithium carbonate began to fall all the way. At the end of April, it fell to 176,400 yuan/ton and then rebounded, but it gradually fell. According to Wind data, by December 20th, the price of domestic battery-grade lithium carbonate had dropped to 101,000 yuan/ton.

　　Price changes of lithium carbonate in recent year

　　Image source: Wind

　　Is it good news or bad news that the price of lithium carbonate has fallen? This question has different answers for enterprises in different links of the new energy industry chain, such as people drinking water, knowing whether they are warm or cold.

　　First, the price of lithium “diving”

　　The fluctuation of lithium price is determined by market supply and demand.

　　Lithium carbonate comes from lithium ore, which refers to minerals or rocks containing extractable lithium, and is mainly divided into hard rock type and salt lake type. Hard rock type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Australia, China, Canada and other countries, while salt lake type lithium ores are mainly distributed in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia and other countries in South America.

　　From 2016 to the end of 2017, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products broke out, which made lithium batteries in short supply and the price of lithium carbonate rose rapidly, which triggered a global lithium mine fever. The capital market rushed to invest and increased the development and reserve of lithium mines.

　　Price change of lithium carbonate since April 2017 (unit: RMB)

　　Image source: Wind

　　From the end of 2018 to the end of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic swept the world, and the economic downturn greatly reduced the public’s willingness to consume, making the supply of lithium batteries exceed the demand. At the same time, the innovation and improvement of lithium battery technology have continuously improved the performance and efficiency of lithium batteries, which has also put pressure on the price of lithium carbonate to a certain extent. The imbalance between supply and demand and inventory backlog led to the decline in the price of lithium carbonate.

　　In 2021, the global economy gradually recovered, the demand for new energy vehicles and electronic products increased again, and the demand for lithium batteries increased, which led to a sharp rebound in lithium prices. Especially in 2022, it will continue to be at a high level of more than 450,000 RMB per ton.

　　However, behind the prosperity lies the crisis of collapse. After all, no matter how fast the demand grows, it is not as fast and stable as the mining industry. According to the Global Supply and Demand Report of Lithium-ion Battery Industry Chain in 2023 released by TrendForce, the global lithium production will reach about 860,000 tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2022, and it is predicted that the global lithium production will reach 1.21 million tons in 2023, an increase of over 40%！this is obviously faster than the growth of market demand.

　　Overproduction leads to oversupply, and the price of lithium is “diving”, and the good days are over.

　　Second, eat the most “fat” meat and get the most “poisonous” beating.

　　From the buried mineral deposits to the batteries on the speeding electric vehicles, lithium runs through the industrial chain of lithium batteries in different forms. We simply divide this industrial chain into three links:

　　Upstream, it is a supplier of raw materials, realizing the transformation of lithium from lithium ore to lithium carbonate.

　　Midstream, a battery manufacturer, has realized the transformation of lithium from lithium carbonate to battery.

　　Downstream, it is the buyer of batteries, including new energy car companies.

　　Specifically, raw material suppliers located in the upstream of the industrial chain determine the supply of “lithium”. In China, the upstream enterprises include Tianqi Lithium Industry, Ganfeng Lithium Industry and Shengxin Lithium Energy. The year before, they made the most profits, and their output also made a “great leap forward”. Observer reported that the monthly output of battery-grade lithium carbonate in China reached 72,850 physical tons from January to November this year, up 53.79% year-on-year. However, when the price of lithium carbonate plummeted, they became the most seriously damaged enterprises. There are 27 companies whose A-shares are included in the concept of lithium mine. In the first three quarters, revenue decreased by 3.43% on average and net profit decreased by 63.47% on average. It can be seen that the output has increased, but the income has decreased, and the profit has plummeted by more than half.

　　What is more painful is that the current price of lithium has fallen below the production cost of some enterprises, that is to say, the more production, the more compensation.

　　Domestic raw materials of lithium carbonate mainly come from salt lakes in Tibet and Qinghai, spodumene in Sichuan, lepidolite in Jiangxi, and refined lithium ore mined from abroad, and the preparation cost increases in turn. According to industry experts’ estimation, the lowest cost of preparing lithium carbonate from salt lake can reach 30,000 yuan/ton, while the cost of preparing lithium carbonate from spodumene is about 70,000 yuan/ton.

　　21st century business herald once estimated that with the expansion of production, in 2022, the average cost of producing lithium carbonate by 12 domestic listed companies will increase to 124,400 yuan/ton. According to Late Finance, the cost of lithium carbonate for Yichun project in Jiangxi, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited is between 130,000 and 150,000 yuan per ton.

　　At present, the price of lithium is about to fall below 100,000 yuan/ton, that is to say, even enterprises with their own minerals can continue to produce without losing money, and only a few are left. DoNews sorted out the financial reports of some enterprises in the first three quarters, and their revenues and profits generally declined, with poor performance, especially the changes in profits were particularly bleak.

　　As the industry leader, the company’s revenue in the first three quarters was 25.68 billion yuan, down 6.99% year-on-year, and the net profit attributable to the mother was 6.01 billion yuan, down 59.38% year-on-year. Among them, in the third quarter, the company achieved revenue of 7.537 billion yuan, down 42.76% year-on-year, and net profit of 160 million yuan, down 97.88% year-on-year.

　　Tianqi Lithium’s revenue in the third quarter was 8.576 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 17.14%, and its net profit returned to its mother was 1.646 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 70.89%. Regarding the decline in profits, Tianqi Lithium said that the decline in the average selling price of lithium chemical products is the core reason for the decline in gross profit of lithium chemical products.

　　Considering that many new lithium salt projects are gradually entering the stage of capacity release, the situation of oversupply of lithium carbonate is likely to continue for some time, and the price of lithium carbonate will run at 100,000 yuan/ton or even lower. As an upstream enterprise of raw material suppliers, the days of suffering may be far away.

　　The feeling is to catch up with various gatherings, family gatherings, friends gatherings, classmates gatherings, etc. At these times, the most common entertainment activity is that four friends gather together to play mahjong, talk about the work in the past year, and brag. If you are a classmate who can’t play mahjong, it will be embarrassing. Therefore, in order to avoid this situation, Xiaobian specially arranged some basic knowledge that beginners of mahjong must learn to share with you, hoping to help you quickly understand and get started with the game. Next, let’s take a look!In the long run, B1777 link The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://www.bl77777.com/

　　Basic knowledge of mahjong introduction:

　　First, mahjong tiles

　　1. Plate

　　 four winds: east wind, south wind, west wind and north wind;

　　 Three yuan: red, rich, whiteboard.

　　2. Order cards

　　 10,000: 1 to 90,000;

　　2 cakes: 1 to 9 cakes;

　　 Articles: 1 to 9.

　　3. Flower cards

　　 Spring, summer, autumn and winter, plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.

　　The names of these mahjong tiles are all formal names. In some places, players have given these mahjong tiles some interesting names, such as: one is called Yaoji, the other is called nunchakus, the other is called pie, the second is called glasses, the fourth is called bench, and 90,000 is called 90,000, etc. In some places, the first and ninth mahjong tiles are collectively called Old Man tiles, and all the tiles between two and eight are called Old Man tiles.

　　Second, the mahjong combination

　　1, straight

　　Three cards of the same suit with continuous count value form a straight, such as one, two, thirty thousand, six, seven, eight, four, five, six and so on;

　　2. Pairs

　　Two cards of the same suit with the same point value form a pair, such as thirty thousand, thirty thousand, six or six barrels, eight or eight cards, etc.

　　3. Carving

　　Three cards of the same suit with the same point value form an engraving, such as three, three, thirty thousand, six, six, six tubes, eight, eight, eight and so on;

　　4, thick stick

　　Four cards of the same suit with the same point value form a barbell, such as three, three, three, thirty thousand, six, six, six, six, eight, eight, eight, eight and so on;

　　All these mahjong combinations are collectively called “partners”. We can make the above four partners by putting the cards in our hands together, and then put them together with the Hu card type specified in the mahjong rules.

　　Mahjong, as a time-honored traditional chess game, has attracted countless players with its rich gameplay and profound cultural heritage. If you are new to mahjong, you may find the rules and terms of this game complicated and dazzling, but rest assured! This article will provide you with one-stop mahjong introductory teaching, so that you can easily master the basic knowledge and get started quickly. This is not only learning, but also the beginning of fun.For this reason, it can be speculated that Jilibet download The market feedback will get better and better, which is one of the important reasons why it can develop. https://www.bl77777.com/

　　The charm of mahjong lies in its various ways of playing. The basic types of mahjong cards can be divided into three types: ten thousand characters, barrel characters and strip characters! Specifically, there are 36 swastikas from 10,000 to 90,000; There are also 1 to 9 strips, a total of 36; Like the name, there are 36 drum plates from one drum to nine drums, plus four wind plates and three plates, and finally there are 136 in total. The combination of these cards adds endless possibilities to the game.

　　Next, let’s look at the basic operation of mahjong. At the beginning of the game, the dice will be rolled to determine the direction of the dealer and the seat. Shuffling is not a problem. Remember, right in front of the whole mahjong table is the opposite home, the upper home on the left and the lower home on the right. Each player touches the cards in order, starting with the dealer, 14 cards will be touched, and the leisure family will touch 13 cards. Everyone is eagerly waiting for the first card to appear!

　　How to roll the dice? When we roll the dice, the number of points added by the two dice determines the position of holding the cards, and the smaller dice will tell you where to start holding the cards. Simple, right? After touching the cards, it is the dealer’s turn to play the first card, and then each player touches the cards and plays cards in turn. Remember, you have to take a new card from the pile after the leverage!

　　Playing card type analysis is also the key to getting started with mahjong. There are several main card types that should be paid special attention to: a straight is three cards with the same suit in numerical order, an engraving is three identical cards, and a pair only needs two identical cards. More complicated ones, such as bar cards (four cards are the same) and uniform cards (the whole deck is composed of the same suit), have their own characteristics and are colorful, which makes the world of mahjong so charming.

　　In mahjong, the rules of eating, touching and bumping are also very important. You can only eat one’s cards when you eat, but you can touch three when you touch them, while the bars are divided into open bars and dark bars. These skills are tips for winning in the game. As long as you make good use of them, you will definitely become a mahjong master.

　　How to play Hu cards is also a rule that novice players need to be familiar with. When the cards you catch are combined into a draw, it’s self-touching. And shooting refers to playing the cards needed by the other three. This means that the whole game is full of strategic and psychological contests, which is really unexpected and exciting.

　　If you are curious about mahjong and want to find out, follow our steps, learn our skills and start your mahjong trip! Whether it’s gathering with friends or family reunion, this game can make you laugh and cultivate your feelings. Why not? Through this article, please enjoy this contest between intelligence and luck. I believe you will find your own fun and highlights in this traditional culture.

　　Hello, everyone. Today, I will explain a basic course of chess and cards-the detailed explanation of the basic card type of chess and cards.From the demand side, BL777 Casino More in line with the psychological expectations of consumers, willing to pay for the things they like. https://www.bl77777.com/

　　First of all, why explain this course?

　　First, 80% of chess and cards are composed of the following 10 basic types of cards. If you master these basic types of cards, you will have mastered its basic laws.

　　Second, many players only know about dragons, heavenly roads and one-on-one fights. But I don’t know what double jump, pat company, one room, two halls, one hall and two rooms are, not to mention sticking to these roads every time, every time, every time!

　　Third, I have heard at least thousands of players who have lost and still don’t know what a basic card road is, such as one room, two halls, one hall and two rooms.

　　Therefore, I will popularize the basic knowledge of chess and cards for you today.

　　As shown in the figure, the results of each game of chess and cards are usually displayed in the following five ways, namely, Zhupan Road, Dalu Road, Dayan Road, Xiaoyan Road and Xiaoqiang Road, among which Xiaoqiang Road is called Luozha Road in Guangdong. Each boot card consists of 8 decks of playing cards. Generally speaking, according to the thickness of cutting cards, the normal chess AG is about 70 games, while the Myanmar chess AG is about 40 games. Next: Let me explain the first card type: Changzhuang. That is what we often call Zhuanglong. As shown by the red circle on the main road, when there are four or more villages in a row on the main road, it becomes a long village.

　　Changzhuang

　　The second card type: Long Idle, which is indicated by a blue circle in the road, is called Long Idle or Idle Dragon when there are four or more idles in succession.

　　Changxian

　　The third card type: pat the stork. This word is pronounced like a stork, but we are used to calling it row by row. The definition of row-by-row connection is: when there are two or more rows of villages adjacent to the road, this combination appears twice or more, which is called patting and sticking. figure 1

　　Pat snipe

　　Figure 2

　　Pat snipe

　　The fourth card type: single jump on the road. What I want to point out here is that not every time a village appears, it can be simply called a single jump on the road. What is jumping? For example, it is 6 o’clock in this office and 6 o’clock or more in the next office. Its amplitude exceeds one cycle, and it must appear four times or more in one office before it can be called a single jump. Everyone must remember this! As shown in Zhupan Road, Idle 6 goes to Zhuang 9, and then Idle 9 Zhuang 8. During this period, their amplitudes all exceed one period, which is obviously a single jump on the road!

　　Hello, everyone. Today, I will explain a basic course of chess and cards-the detailed explanation of the basic card type of chess and cards.This means that B1777 link It is the weather vane of the industry and can bring people great self-confidence. https://www.bl77777.com/

　　First of all, why explain this course?

　　First, 80% of chess and cards are composed of the following 10 basic types of cards. If you master these basic types of cards, you will have mastered its basic laws.

　　Second, many players only know about dragons, heavenly roads and one-on-one fights. But I don’t know what double jump, pat company, one room, two halls, one hall and two rooms are, not to mention sticking to these roads every time, every time, every time!

　　Third, I have heard at least thousands of players who have lost and still don’t know what a basic card road is, such as one room, two halls, one hall and two rooms.

　　Therefore, I will popularize the basic knowledge of chess and cards for you today.

　　As shown in the figure, the results of each game of chess and cards are usually displayed in the following five ways, namely, Zhupan Road, Dalu Road, Dayan Road, Xiaoyan Road and Xiaoqiang Road, among which Xiaoqiang Road is called Luozha Road in Guangdong. Each boot card consists of 8 decks of playing cards. Generally speaking, according to the thickness of cutting cards, the normal chess AG is about 70 games, while the Myanmar chess AG is about 40 games. Next: Let me explain the first card type: Changzhuang. That is what we often call Zhuanglong. As shown by the red circle on the main road, when there are four or more villages in a row on the main road, it becomes a long village.

　　Changzhuang

　　The second card type: Long Idle, which is indicated by a blue circle in the road, is called Long Idle or Idle Dragon when there are four or more idles in succession.

　　Changxian

　　The third card type: pat the stork. This word is pronounced like a stork, but we are used to calling it row by row. The definition of row-by-row connection is: when there are two or more rows of villages adjacent to the road, this combination appears twice or more, which is called patting and sticking. figure 1

　　Pat snipe

　　Figure 2

　　Pat snipe

　　The fourth card type: single jump on the road. What I want to point out here is that not every time a village appears, it can be simply called a single jump on the road. What is jumping? For example, it is 6 o’clock in this office and 6 o’clock or more in the next office. Its amplitude exceeds one cycle, and it must appear four times or more in one office before it can be called a single jump. Everyone must remember this! As shown in Zhupan Road, Idle 6 goes to Zhuang 9, and then Idle 9 Zhuang 8. During this period, their amplitudes all exceed one period, which is obviously a single jump on the road!

　　In the chess game, listening to cards is a skill, and listening to cards is a craft. Listening to cards means that you are about to enter the stage of Hu cards, which means that the final victory will not be too far away. Generally, players on the field basically start to listen to cards at the later stage of the game. At this time, whoever listens well and can master the skills of listening to cards will win the game earlier. Today, the new recruitment game will come to say for everyone?As we all know, Jilibet The emergence of the market is worthy of many people’s attention, which has aroused the waves of the whole market. https://www.bl77777.com/

　　1. Listen to multiple cards-in a card type, players usually choose to listen to several cards. For example, 2,345,000, and the cards drawn at this time are 20,000 and 50,000. If it’s 2,345,600, then the draw cards are 10,000, 40,000 and 70,000. However, players need to pay attention to the fact that if some of the cards in Hu are likely to destroy the overall card type, such as one-stop, flat Hu and so on.

　　2. Listening is monotonous-it means that when players listen to cards, they just listen to a single card and want to make a pair.

　　3. Listen to the hole-for a simple example, if the cards in the player’s hand are 20,000 or 40,000, then the card type that the player listens to at this time is 30,000 holes.

　　4. Listen to the side card-listening to the side card is similar to listening to the hole. For example, at this time, the cards in the player’s hand are 70,000 and 80,000, so the card type that the player listens to at this time is 90,000.

　　5. Listen right-if there are two pairs in the player’s hand, at this time, you only need to make another set of engravings, and the other set will be used as a card. In this case, the player needs to listen to two cards, and this card drawing type is called listening right.

　　When listening to cards, players must pay attention to the card type of their family, and try not to listen to the same card type as their family, so as not to be called Hu by their family in advance. If your last family happens to be the dealer of the game in this bureau, it’s like avoiding listening to the same cards as your last family. If you can hide, you can hide!